What Patriotism means to me Essay

Do you believe in the love for your country? All the soldiers and heroes that are out there in the world fighting for our freedom? The respect and the courage that you may have. Patriotism is like an infection that travels around from one body to another and you can’t cure it with any medication. To me patriotism basically means the love and care for one’s country. Although it may have other definitions, the real and main one is â€Å"the love and devotion for your country†. Being patriotic means not only wearing the flag as a pin, putting it up on your yard or saying the national anthem like most people do, It really means caring for the soldiers and everyone that helps this country be free, also to give out your love and potential to your country. There are a lot of examples and symbols that patriotism can mean to me or to anyone in this world. For example, September 11, the United States flag, the Statue of Liberty and many more are symbols of patriotism. I think that patriotism has grown more since 9/11 the day that changed the world, and that it is going to keep on growing more and more throughout the years to come. A married couple is like patriotism because they can’t decide on the right choice or also like each other about how they are. Martin Luther King Jr. had the courage to lead a movement against segregation he also had the courage to tell us what was wrong and what we did right. To me that is real patriotism because he was willing to fight for our country and love it equally among others. â€Å"If we love our country, we should also love our countrymen† is a famous quote by Ronald Reagan that I think describes patriotism because it simply means love one another equally. So to me patriotism means the love for your county, it also means many other different things to one another. Remember you can be patriotic if you love and respect your country by just basically caring.

Embarrassing Moment

In society today students in general become lazier and procrastinate more than they have in the past. This laziness could cause the student to fail a course, and perhaps not graduate. However, if the appropriate time and effort is made toward anything and in particular studying, success has become a realistic goal. In my case, it all occurred on Tuesday, June 9th, 2009, it was suppose to be one of the happiest days of my life, but in fact, it turned out to be the sourest experiences I had to go through. Going back through the memories, I began the day as usual, waking up in the morning, having breakfast, and getting ready to go to school with all my friends to collect the results of the baccalaureate. I remember hearing the door bell, my friend Simon has just arrived to pick me up and give me a ride to school. I remember how excited we all were, singing, chanting, and exchanging ideas on how we were going to spend our summer vacation, not knowing what was going to happen next. When arriving to school there was a gathering in front of the principal’s office, the school administrative team was getting ready to post the results on the board in alphabetical order at noon. I could feel the vibe; everyone around me was happy, anxious, and exited for the event. Thirty minutes later, the principal walked right by us holding a stack of papers in his hand. At the moment the only thing that could catch my full attention was to see my grades. Trying to push my way through the front of the crowd, I recall seeing the facial expression my friend Karim had. He had passed and was jumping and celebrating in the middle of the crowd. Still not knowing my results, I already had gone through different emotions in a very short time. I was happy, exited and feeling a little bit dizzy; not until one of my school mates gave me a pitiful look, in which you know deep inside that something is wrong, I tried to convince myself that it is all in my head and that it wasn’t true. Finally, there I was standing in front of the list going through the names; I see my name and a â€Å"Failed† next to it. Refusing to believe the outcome, I blinked my eyes and read it again to make sure that It was me not somebody else. A big moment of silence followed, I couldn’t hear anything else except my heart beating at an unusual rapid pace. I became extremely nervous, I started sweating, my legs started shaking and I felt dizzier than before. I felt upset, unmotivated, shameful, sad, angry, and jealous. All what I could think about is how did I fail? And most importantly, how I am going to convey the news to my parents? What explanations and excuses l have to come up with? Is it typical teenager behavior? There could have been many things to blame for my failure, such as feeling of helplessness, lack of personal responsibility, inadequacy of my parents, TV, and video games and especially the influence of bad friends. I have the tendency of not letting go of things, which is why I simply accepted the facts and commenced immediately at drafting an action plan so that it never occurs again. As Professor Robert Sutton stated ((Stanford University)), â€Å"when failure happens, the most important thing is to have an after event review to provoke sufficiently deep thinking — whether you talk about successes or failures is less important† Learning from Success and Failure, Monday June 4, 2007. Although, I couldn’t help noticing people’s expression when telling them that I failed, I battled very hard, I always felt ashamed. I entered the house and requested a serious talk with my parents about the results. They got mad. I couldn’t stand watching the disappointment on my mother’s eyes as they watered. Although, they made sure to punish me for the entire summer; I made sure to appeal my case and expressed that I absolutely took note what I made them go through. It didn’t take me long to realize that I had all what I needed to succeed in my life; and wonderful supportive parents. That helps me in every step of my successful life. It is true, everything is a learning experience; regardless if it is good or bad. There is always something to be learned. But all learning’s are not equal. I have found that if someone is going to spend his or her time pondering the past, focus on the wins not the losses. In conclusion, I am confident that lessons learned from doing well; arms you with a better chance at continuing toward your path of success.

Business Negotiation Skills Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Negotiation Skills - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that the opposition to the project had begun with the filing of suit against Enron in the Indian High Court. Opposition political powers at the state made this a huge issue in the approaching Maharashtra assembly elections and with the change of government; the contract was annulled by the MSEB causing daily loss of US$250,000 to Enron and its partners. The contract was further renegotiated at the behest of Enron with the new state government. After agreeing to new terms and conditions stipulated by the MSEB, and the 1st phase was completed and second phase of producing electricity started but the MSEB failed in paying back the agreed tariff rate. By the same time, Enron also filed for bankruptcy. As the report declares Enron signed a contract with the Maharashtra Sate Electricity Board (MSEB) by putting its and its partner companies’ stakes in Dabhol Power Project. The negotiations for the project began primarily with the two stakeholders from the Indian government, one was the Indian state of Maharashtra and the other was MSEB. The project proposal of making a 2015 megawatt power plant with the proposed investment of US$3 billion was cleared initially. On its side, Enron was not the sole company; it had made and entered into joint initiative with the investment of 10% each by General Electric and Bechtel. It required Liquefied Natural Gas to power the plant, which it arranged from another of its joint venture in Qatar, 1200 miles away from the plant location in Dabhol.

Analysis City of God Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis City of God - Movie Review Example The film received several accolades, including four Academy Award nominations. City of God is a highly violent and fast-paced film (Meirelles and Lund, City of God). The film’s events are seen through the eyes of a destitute black youth, Rocket who fears being an outlaw, but is also too smart for underpaying, menial jobs. The scene chosen for analysis is the opening scene, which begins with a close up of an extremely sharp blade making a rock sharper by scrapping it. The purpose of this paper is to provide an in-depth analysis of the opening scene of City of God, discussing the filmmaking elements inherent in the scene and the film as a whole. Shot by shot analysis table Framing Characters M= Medium Shot B= Blade CU= Close-up R= Rock F= Full Shot C= Carrots L= Long Shot CH= Chicken H= Handheld Pan= Pan Shot Dolly= Dolly Shot T= Tilt f= forward b= backward Formal analysis The fundamental reason for choosing the opening scene for analysis is its presentation of unique filmmaking aspects. Mise-en-scene refers to the sets and settings of the location where a scene is filmed. As the opening scene is introduced, the audience gets a sneak peak of the situation of the slum or favelas. Flash shots are used to crosscut shots of the chicken being slaughtered, boiled, having its feathers stripped to the people of Cidade de Deus in their pathetic living conditions. ... Towards the climax of the film, the director used darker lighting and color. Another prominent filmmaking aspect evident in the scene is that of mise-en-shots. This involves a myriad of elements, including the positioning of the camera, duration and scale of one shot, camera movement and editing pace. Throughout the film’s narration, the director uses numerous flash backs and extreme close up shots. The director utilizes 360-degree camera movement, especially around Rocket as the scenes transition from the present to the past and vice versa (Meirelles and Lund, City of God). Therefore, the film’s overall length can be considered as short, particularly as a result of the nature of pursuing and murdering between the film’s characters. Sound is also a vital element in filmmaking since sound can be utilized and edited with the same amount of intelligence and complexity that image can. Directors typically have the option of choosing one or both diegetic sound and a no n diegetic one. The director of this film chooses to apply both forms of sound. Throughout the film, the audience hears music intrinsic to the 1970s, gun fire, and chaos, conversations of distant people and enduring background narrations of Rocket (Meirelles and Lund, City of God). The integration of music into a film enhances the feel of the movie, thereby providing the audience a greater experience of the story. Interpretation The director makes use of flash shot and crosscuts within the film’s opening scenes in order to provide a succinct description of the poor living conditions inherent in the Cidade de Deus slum of Rio de Janeiro. The director further makes use of extremely rich lighting and color, especially in the retro

Education Infosystem Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education Infosystem - Research Paper Example The research paper "Education Info system" talks about the development of a system developed to improve the quality of learning and research of a given region. The education system has a great influence on the kind of education and research that is carried out in a given country. It is noted that the nature of students determines the kind of methods of teaching, accessing the type of information. A country with a large China needs the sophisticated type of information system faster work, improve accuracy and efficiency in service delivery, for instance, it takes a better and advanced information technology and system to cater for the needs of an increased population. A similar survey also indicates that the size of the country determines the kind of system used to disseminate the information needed so as to deliver service in good time. In the current educational setup, there are a lot of changes all the way from classroom to the public, for instance, the manner of teaching and delivering by tutors has changed from traditional face-to-face to better and interactive technologies that lack human element such video conferencing. This enables different types of information from a diverse location to integrated and coordinated for a better decision making. It can be noted further that due top lack of system, information is wasted and blurred and myopic decisions are made in time and more accurately. In education, teachers’ salaries extrinsically motivate teachers from teaching and delivering the quality of service.

Effectiveness of Marketing Communication Strategies and Technologies Term Paper

Effectiveness of Marketing Communication Strategies and Technologies - Term Paper Example It is evident from the study that a well-designed and thoroughly crafted marketing communication strategy can provide a definite competitive advantage to an organization. If we look at the prevailing corporate scenario, we can conclude very amicably that there are numerous instances where a certain product failed because it was introduced in the market through an ineffective marketing strategy. The Russian automobile products are the classic examples in this regard. They fail in the market just because of their weak marketing communication strategies. It is very essential to understand the dynamics of a market in which the proposed marketing strategy is going to be launched. According to Joshi and Hanssens, marketing communication does not only contribute towards the maximization of organization’s profit but it also creates awareness among the masses regarding the choice of available products. So an effective market communication strategy can benefit the manufacturers as well as the consumers. Every marketing strategy should involve the meticulous comprehension and research regarding the internal and external environment. According to Jackie and Sudhir, the internal environment denotes the price, product, promotion and place (marketing mix). The external environment refers towards the evaluation of multifarious factors like market and competitor analysis. Some other factors like social, technological and economic conditions also fall in the domain of external environment study. Any successful marketing strategy should incorporate these aspects to achieve the optimum success. For an effective marketing campaign, correlation between the organization’s mission statement and its marketing communication strategy is also very significant. It is very interesting to see how a unidirectional approach of all the departments of an organization yields the maximum advantage to a certain organization. Service characteristics introduced by Lovelock and Wirtz (23 6-252, 2004): inseparability, intangibility, and heterogeneity are especially relevant when it comes to speaking about product positioning in terms of high-tech environment. Various conversation technologies: chat rooms, instant messages, that have become an indivisible part of a well-established service business owning a web-site are building communities among visitors thus contributing to establishment of inter-personal relationship and professional product positioning making customers come back to use this service over and over again. (Muhammad, 45-46, 1999) Incorporating technological solutions may deliver mechanisms that delight a customer. (Lovelock & Wirtz, 236-252, 2004). A service business must be maximizing its virtual ‘touch-point’ appeal, and must develop its virtual management tools (and metrics) set. Positioning concept is relatively new, it dates back only to the 70th, however, it has been significantly changed with the impact of technology. PR efforts ha ve always been an effective communication tool mainly due to the lack of control over what is printed. (Marken, 423-441, 1997) The new high tech era involves implementation of various technologies: pretty much everything from computer-telephony integration (CTI) to data warehousing and internet in order to stimulate the flow of information within and out of the organization. (Rosello, 96, 1997) The high-tech environment has taken place of uncontrolled press releases as means for successful PR programs, as internet is still far less controlled then the press.

Doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignity - Essay Example Aside from being an ultimate legal source, the fact that the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty has been recognized under the Communities Act 1972 make this doctrine even stronger. Note that the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty is enshrined in the European Communities Act 1972 which provides that the Parliament has the final say when it comes to what laws are to be or should be implemented within the territories of the United Kingdom4. The powers of the Parliament are separate and distinct from the powers of the courts and the courts may not usurp the powers of the Parliament by declaring the laws enacted by the Parliament to be invalid. Technically, this means that when since the powers of the Parliament are distinct, any other government agencies cannot usurp or put limitations to such powers without violating the laws5. Although English law gives the Parliament the powers to enact laws and enjoy sovereignty, the doctrine of parliamentary sovereign has been challenged many times in the past and will be challenged again and again in the future. The devolution of the powers of the Parliament together with some laws and treaties put pressure on sovereignty the sovereignty of the Parliament. Note that there are provisions under the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) and in a number of European Union (EU) treaties that may weaken and even override the inherent powers of the parliament. When it comes to the Human Rights Act, there are provisions in the act that allows the courts to review the legislations made by the Parliament or declare these legislations as incompatible with the European Commission on Human Rights (ECHR). On the other hand, the ratchet clauses in some EU Treaties allow the transfer of powers from the UK Parliament to the EU without the need to amend the treaty. Moreover, there are some provisions in the treaties that require the implementation of EU laws over local laws which

E-commerce in Arab countries ,what is the benefits Article

E-commerce in Arab countries ,what is the benefits - Article Example Relationships among individuals and organisations have been revolutionized by the massive application of information technology. Such massive use of information and communication technologies has resulted to simpler processes, enhanced productivity, increased customer participation, and reduced costs. As a result large numbers of organisations have shifted from the traditional business platform to the online platform of running business. All these factors have greatly influenced the economies of almost all the developed and developing countries over the past few years. The effects are more prominent in case of developing countries like Arab countries. Generally the list of Arab countries includes Algeria, Djibouti, Bahrain, Iraq, Egypt, Lebanon, Kuwait, Jordon, Mauritania, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Palestinian Autonomous Territories, Oman, Qatar, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen and Tunisia. Economies of all these countries especially Saud i Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Oman, Sudan and Kuwait are found to be growing fast. As a result use of internet and other related technologies in these countries has increased over the past year and most importantly this use is expected to increase at a faster rate than it was ever before. This paper focuses on e-commerce activities in Arab countries. The paper also contains the benefits of e-commerce having on the economies of Arab countries. The report includes a brief overview of the main concepts of e-commerce. Commercial activities, as we all know, comprise those that are required to carry out trade between different parties. Generally the exchange of products and/or services is settled as per conditions that are mutually acceptable by the parties and hence the objective of any commercial transaction is to ensure that all the parties

Analyze the Keystone XL pipeline project(what are the main facts of Essay

Analyze the Keystone XL pipeline project(what are the main facts of the story, key issues, theoretical relationships, alternatives, cost and benefits.) - Essay Example It was mainly to ensure that the project implementation would be in the best interest of the nation. In 2012, the Department of State denied TransCanada a permit to begin the project. It stated that a span of sixty days was not sufficient to collect the information on the benefits of the project to the nation. Subsequently, the company collaborated with Nebraska department of environment quality and conducted an impact assessment. It was done to determine the best location the pipeline would pass with minimal environmental impacts. In May 2012, TransCanada made an application for the presidential permit. The US department of state was obligated to either accept or deny the company the permit taking into consideration whether the project is beneficial to the people. Many factors were being considered such as security, culture, foreign policy and environmental impacts (Yuan, 2011). In 2014, the Department of State invited members of the public to comment on the factors that would be considered of national interest. Moreover, it is also consulting with different agencies such as department of Justice, Defense, Commerce and Energy to ensure that the correct decision is made on the permit application. TransCanada is facing much opposition from community-based groups and the environmental organizations. It is mainly because of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the usage of oil sands crude. Furthermore, this will lead to the prolonged dependence on fossil fuel by the United States. Emissions of greenhouse gases accelerate the effects of global warming as it results to the destruction of the ozone layer. Community groups are strongly opposing the project because it is being constructed on their lands thus affecting their ability to produce food through farming. Furthermore, there will be no land to graze their cattle. Keystone XL pipeline project poses a high risk to the neighboring community because the potential of spillage is huge. Eighty-eight

Relationship Between Argetina and the International Monetary Fund Essay

Relationship Between Argetina and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Essay Example The higher a countrys foreign debt level, the greater are the chances of default. According to World Bank, the Latin American Countries (LAC) would need US $ 60 million annually during 1991-2000 period. This translates into higher borrowing, higher debts and debt servicing. Budget cuts were immediately felt at the international financial institutions like the Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), which decreased access to officially supported credits. Global interest rates rose, which further increased foreign debts. Mexico, Brazil and Argentina could not sustain the economic growth and lurched from one financial crisis to another (Elstrodt, Lenero, and Urdapilleta). Debt has been the largest source of capital flows in the developing countries but despite that, economic development has not been successful. The causes and consequences of such debts have been the subject of debate over the years. This paper will examine the severity of Argentinas debt and the relationship between Argentina and the IMF. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, UK and France too had defaulted on the debt repayments but the problems in debt repayments in Latin American can be dated back to 1914 when Mexico suspended its payments (Dodd). Owing to a series of corrupt regimes, Argentina has experienced severe economic declines. In 1956, a group of wealthy nations met in Paris to find a solution to the looming debt problems of Argentina. In the 1970s, large amount of lending to Latin America was in the form of syndicate banks loans. Brady Bonds helped in the debt restructuring process and the Brady plan proposed exchanging the loans for bonds that would allow the debt to be traded in financial markets where it would be priced at market value. Macroeconomic management is essential if the country is to attain sustained growth. Argentina, besides pegging the peso to the US dollar at parity in

Achievement Motivation Essay Example for Free

Achievement Motivation Essay What is it? This links personality with the degree of competitiveness shown by an individual. Its main focus is the extent to which an individual is motivated to attain success. Some Theories about it   Murray (1938) indicated that it was natural for individual to strive to surpass another (genetically) like trait. Bandura (1977) believed that a competitive drive was a product of learning (social learning). Atkinson and McCelland (1976) has the view of an interactionist and predicts achievement motivation is generated through a combination of personality and situation factors. Atkinson and McCelland view of achievement motivation as a personality trait which is activated by a situation, the situation comprises the probability of success and the incentive value of success. -Probability of success;the extent to which success is likely;For example success is more likely of the task is found by the individual to be easy. -Incentive value of success;the incentive value experienced by the individual after success-been achieved. For example the harder the task the greater will be the incentive value because the probability of success is reduced. There are two personality types to determine achievement motivation and these are; 1.High need to achieve (high Nach) Linked with the low need to avoid failure (Low Naf). With these characteristic, desire to succeed overcomes the fear of failure. These performers=high in achievement motivation (high achievers) 2.Low need to achieve (Low Nach) Also linked with high need to avoid failure (High Naf). These characteristics the fear of failure overcome the desire to success. These performers=low in achievement motivation (low achievers) Characteristics of high and low achievement motivation personality traits. High Nach Personality Characteristics Low Nach personality characteristics High need to achieve Low need to achieve Low need to avoid failure High need to avoid failure Approach behaviour is adopted Avoidance behaviour is adopted Challenges is accepted Challenges is rejected Risks are undertaken Risks are declined Shows persistence and perseverance when task is difficult Curtails effort when task is difficult Success tends to be attributed to external factors Failure tends to be attributed to internal factors Failure is seen as a route to success Failure is seen as the route to further failure Aspire to mastery orientation Adopt learned helpessness Key Terms Approach behaviour-describes behaviour that accepts a challenge Avoidance behaviour-describes behaviour that rejects a challenge Attribution-The process that predict reasons for success or failure Mastery Orientation-The strong motive to succeed found in the high achievement. This type of person will expect to succeed but will persist when failure is experienced Learned helplessness-The belief that failure is inevitable and that the individual has no control over the factors that cause failure. Atkinson and McCelland Their theory of achievement motivation is best at predicting behavioural responses in situations where there is a 50/50 chance of success. This will trigger motivation for those performers with high achievement traits=likely  to display approach behaviour and mastery orientation characteristics in these circumstances. Incentive value=high when chance is evenly balanced. In contrast to performers who show low achievement motivation would experience greatest anxiety in situations with a 50/50 chance of success— later adopt avoidance behaviour and experience learned helplessness. Approach or avoidance behaviours likely to arise when in a evaluative situation=Situation in which an individual believes they are being assessed. Drawbacks 1.Achievement or success can interpreted in many ways. Some performers regard success as victory over others. For example a long jump athlete winning an event. These people are said to have ego goal orientation. Those with this believe that ability and comparison over others=criteria for success. 2.Others judge on the basis of person improvement in a given task-For example a second long jump athlete may view success as the achievement of an improved performance. These people are said to have task orientation. Those with the task orientation value internal goals and believe that effort and comparison with self=criteria for success. Sport Specific Achievement Motivation(Competitiveness) Competitiveness in this context means- motivation to achieve in sport. Gill and Deeter (1988), using their own test called the ‘Sport Orientation Questionnaire’ (SOQ), confirmed that athletes were far more competitive than non-athletes. As as statement, this would appear obvious. Evidence of greater significance-athletes favoured performance goals (task orientation) while non-athletes emphasised the importance of winning (ego orientation) The type of goal set by the teacher as the measure of success in sport-related activities has, therefore, a significant influence upon the decision to adopt and sustain an active and healthy lifestyle. The important association between sport-specific motivation (competitiveness), confidence and goal setting.

Side Effects of Nanoparticles on Health

Side Effects of Nanoparticles on Health Prakriti Gurung      Abstract What are the side effects of using Nanotechnology on healthcare?       Nanotechnology has revolutionised medicine with its innovative applications yet much is yet to be researched on its adverse effects. While nanoparticles are used for drug delivery and medical equipment, they pose health risks as they are shown to be toxic, causing haemolysis, inflammation as well as cancer[DS1]. This is due to properties specific to nanoparticles such as high surface area to mass ratio and its shape. The high surface area makes nanoparticles very reactive and could trigger unwanted reactions inside the body if they react with biomolecules while the shape determines how the nanoparticles interact with its surroundings. Solubility is another key factor which could potentiate harm as nanoparticles low solubility can form lumps inside the body as they accumilate in one specific region and damage vital organs. Therefore, Nanotechnology should be equally revered and feared for it uses in medicine. Introduction Nanotechnology is a branch of technology which involves manipulating structures and properties at the nanoscale range, from 1 to 100 nanometres. A particle which is 1 nanometre in size is 1 ÃÆ'- 10-9 metres small a billionth of a metre. With the concept introduced initially in 1959 by physicist Richard P Feynman during his Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom talk where he expressed the ability to control and manipulate individual atoms and molecules, the study has today developed exponentially to revolutionise perspectives in cosmetics industry, agriculture and most recently, medicine. Medicine has thrived through the incorporation of nanotechnology in its discipline as the efficacy of drugs improved significantly due to its implementation in drug delivery, isolation of cancer cells in the body and reparations in clogged arteries. However, use of nanotechnology can be risky as particles behave differently at a nanoscale level. This unpredictability can pose hazards to human health if it is unable to be controlled in its application in medicine: Substances such as engineered fibrous nano-materials can cause inflammation on lungs while the small size of individual particles allows them to enter cells and form clumps. This report will explore the risks and hazards nanotechnology carries in its application in medicine on human health. Toxicity One of the major characteristics of nanoparticles is its toxicity and so far most of the research done around this area comes from inhaled nanoparticles in the air. What makes the nanoparticles toxic in particular is its individual chemical properties with Carbon Black nanoparticles causing more severe health effects compared to its other counterparts. However it is subjective to contamination caused by human activity such as pollution as well as to consider that nanoparticles in the ambient air have complex composition with organic and metal components such as metallic iron interacting which may cause the adverse health effects. Metallic iron was shown to potentiate the effect of Carbon Black nanoparticles through increased reactivity   (Wilson et al 2002). The toxicity of the nanoparticles are also dependent on its size as particles so small at the nanoscale level leads to an increase in surface area to mass ratio. This means more chemical molecules are present on the surface of the nanoparticles which enhances toxicity. During the study of low toxicity particles, TiO2 particles with higher surface area was shown to induce more severe lung inflammation and particle lymph node burden compared to BaSO4 particles with lower surface area (Tran et al 2000). Furthermore, their large surface area makes them highly reactive, which could lead to activate unknown chemical reactions or to bond with toxins, allowing for nanoparticles to enter cells other than the ones targeted. Shapes also play a key role in the characteristics such as the respirability and inflammatory potential of individual nanoparticles. A prime example of these are nanotubes. In addition to being carcinogenic, single wall carbon nanotubes where shown to induce Lung Granulomas, a type of inflammation, and thus demonstrated to be very toxic. However this could also be due to the high mass dose. To add, studies using human keratinocyte cell line also showed that carbon nanotube exposure resulted in cell toxicity and accelerated oxidative stress (Shvedova et al 2003) , which is an imbalance between the free radical production in the human body and the ability to neutralise its harmful effects. Solubility Different types of nanoparticles have varying solubility, and it is those nanoparticles with low solubility that could pose the most health risks. The risks are greater if the nanoparticles comprise of inorganic metal oxides and metal as they could react with bio-molecular structures within the body. Another factor to consider is if it is able to be broken down and be degraded: It would lead to the nanoparticles to accumulate within the body and damage organs. Furthermore due to its high reactivity and electrical charge, nanoparticles create conditions within the body where they come together to form larger particles, described as particle aggregation. This could potentiate the risks even further as this alters their physiochemical properties leading to unknown reactions inside cells. Nanofibres Nanofibres are fibers that have diameters of less than 1000 nm, and its medical applications range from wound dressings to artificial organ transplants.   nanofibres are created by an electrospinning process that ranges from 10nm to several hundred nanometres. The unique process through which it is made gives the nanofibres special properties due to its high surface area to mass ratio such as low density, high pore volume, and tight pore size. Researchers have also demonstrated new ways to make nanofibres out of proteins naturally occurring in blood, which makes it ideal for use in bandages as they eventually dissolve in the body (Hegde, Dahiya, and Kamath, 2005). This also makes it possible to add antibacterial material and drugs to the nanofibre structure, minimising infection rate, blood loss and more effective as it is absorbed by the body. Another field within medicine where nanofibres are used is tissue engineering, making them possible substrates for growing cells. Nano fibre substrates effectively support cell multiplication and enable tissue replacement prepared from a patients cells. The material it is made from also makes it is possible to incorporate different bioactive materials and drugs. Barrier textiles, when containing hydrophobic nanofibre layers work as effective barriers for microorganism penetration such as viruses and bacteria (Nanofiber applications, 2004). However, nanofibres can also pose significant health risks to humans. When silver nanofibres of different lengths were injected into lungs of mice, those larger than 5000 nm in size became lodged in lungs and caused inflammation while the smaller ones cleared away (BBC, 2012). Although it is questionable whether the same results are applicable on humans as the test was done on mice. Ken Donaldson, professor of respiratory toxicology at the University of Edinburgh, said: Concern has been expressed that new kinds of nanofibres being made by nanotechnology industries might pose a ri sk because they have a similar shape to asbestos. Asbestos fibres were shown to cause mesothelioma, a type of lung cancer. Drug Delivery Nanofibre membranes from bipolymers are used as drug carriers or bioactive compounds. The benefit of this is that the membranes are engineered to specifically target diseased cells, therefore reducing the damage done to healthy cells. The benefits of using nanoparticles in drug delivery is that it is possible to attach ethylene glycol molecules which enables the nanoparticles to circulate in the blood stream. This is due to the   ethylene glycol molecules which stops the white blood cells from attacking the nanoparticles. While the benefits of nanoparticles in drug delivery are immense, there are serious adverse effects which need to be researched further: Cationic nanoparticles, which are ligand coated nanoparticles used as agents for drug delivery, such as gold and polystyrene have been shown to cause haemolysis (rupture of red blood cells) and blood clotting (De Jong and Borm, 2008). Positive correlation is also observed between nanoparticle exposure and the amount of cardi ovascular diseases however there is no definitive explanation. Toxicological studies have demonstrated that certain nanoparticles can gain access to the blood following inhalation and can enhance experimental thrombosis (blood clotting in circulatory system) but it is not clear whether this was an effect of pulmonary inflammation or particles translocated to the blood. Another type of nanoparticle, DEP (Diesel exhaust particulate), were shown to cause altered heart rate in hypertensive rats whereas high concentrations of anionic nanoparticles and cationic nanoparticles were toxic for the BBB (blood and brain barrier) (De Jong and Borm, 2008). Conclusion[DS2] Nanoparticles hold great significance in the field of medicine due to its frequent emergence: they are everywhere from wound dressings to drug delivery. However much of the disadvantages in its application is yet to be researched as whatever little information is available only comes from inhaled nanoparticles. If not researched thoroughly, the risk of nanoparticles could increase significantly, as it has already been demonstrated in lab rats which resulted in lung inflammation and blood clotting. Furthermore, the high surface area of nanopartcles makes them particularly sensitive when it comes to reactivity, which inside the human body could trigger unwanted reactions in turn causing damage to cells and organs. Therefore the subject of nanoparticles should be treated with caution, especially when it comes to application on humans in order to allow for safer usage in medicine.   Ã‚   Bibliography[DS3] BBC (2012) Nanofibres may pose health risk. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-19355196 (Accessed: 30 August 2016) Catherine Paddock PhD. 2012. Nanotechnology In Medicine: Huge Potential, But What Are The Risks?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/244972.php. [Accessed 27 August 2016]. De Jong, W.H. and Borm, P.J. (2008) Drug delivery and nanoparticles: Applications and hazards,Drug delivery and nanoparticles: Applications and hazards, 3(2) (Accessed: 4 September 2016). Hegde, R.R., Dahiya, A. and Kamath, M.G. (2005) NANOFIBERS. Available at: http://www.engr.utk.edu/mse/Textiles/Nanofiber%20Nonwovens.htm (Accessed: 30 August 2016). Nanofiber applications (2004) Available at: http://www.elmarco.com/application-areas/medicine/ (Accessed: 30 August 2016) Shvedova, A., Castranova, V., Kisin, E., Schwegler-Berry, D., Murray, A., Gandelsman, V., Maynard, A. and Baron, P., 2003. Exposure to carbon nanotube material: assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells. Journal of toxicology and environmental health Part A,66(20), pp.1909-1926. Tran, C.L., Buchanan, D., Cullen, R.T., Searl, A., Jones, A.D. and Donaldson, K., 2000. Inhalation of poorly soluble particles. II. Influence of particle surface area on inflammation and clearance. Inhalation toxicology,12(12), pp.1113-1126. Wilson, M.R., Lightbody, J.H., Donaldson, K., Sales, J. and Stone, V., 2002. Interactions between ultrafine particles and transition metals in vivo and in vitro. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 184(3), pp.172-179. [DS1]Good point, but should be supported by a reference. [DS2]Good [DS3]Very good.

Impact of Freight Forwarders in the Shipping Industry

Impact of Freight Forwarders in the Shipping Industry 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction The basic ideology of this thesis is to determine the impact of freight forwarders in the shipping industry of Pakistan. This chapter briefly describes an introduction of the thesis. Being the introductory chapter of the thesis, the present chapter includes the introductory outline of the research as it will lay an emphasis on the background of the research and clearly identify the rationale for undertaking this research. Liner shipping is characterized by a range of economies of scale and scope suggesting that low cost supply is likely to require some form of industry combination and concentration or cooperation; this could be achieved by a comparatively small number of large global operators. There are many reasons behind it including bad economic situation of Pakistan, Shippers interests in relation to shipping services coincide with the public interest and shippers as profit maximizes generally will have a strong incentive to obtain the best possible service for the lowest possible price Contextual Frame: The shipping business plays a vital function in the international economy because it carries a large portion of world trade The Industry trends towards expansion of liner shipping and needs developments in Containerization because they cover scale of economics. With the passage of time the shipping liner industry has moved into an era of affluence, and containerships have been moving require for other Ship types, the demand growth is generally and also several other factors have been putting force on smaller carriers, including upsizing and route network developments. Currently the trends become visible into independent process over vessel allocation and rising profitability suggests that carriers will seek to own additional of their own assets. Shipping lines is an essential part of Pakistans trade, which provides intermediate service input for Pakistans merchandise trade merchandise. According to bulk shipping where each vessel carries one commodity on a charter basis, the demand for liner shipping is diverse. The costs of coordinating these diverse demands virtually rule out ship leasing as an efficient form of service delivery. The supply of regular and scheduled liner services provides a means of reducing transactions costs so that exporters with diverse demands are able to access liner shipping services. The trend to larger ships has been accompanied by strong growth in available liner capacity. The reason of significant development in shipping liner business because of its cheap freight rate and the large volume of freight transported. Compared with the other modes of transport, for example air, water transportation offers the cheapest freight rates The idea third party logistics providers are as basic as deficient to have somebody else do the work for you instead of exporters who facilitate according to maintain their transportation or distribution and as so on. Supply chain management applications have a small amount of capabilities in ordinary. The data must be available to a user anyplace in the world; it must be exact, flexible, visible, and fast. With the help of supply chain software they can attain inventory effectiveness, faster information flow more exact determinations of when and how much material/capacity must be purchased, manufacture or moved and watchful monitoring of events and inventory within and external the venture and electronic enterprise linkage, which replaces manual linkage . These systems can help companies to incorporate similar process spread over different place and limit needless activities, enhancing their skill to cope with consumer requirements and meet goods quality standards The use of supply chain applications varies in diverse parts of the world. In 2003, North Americas top five 3PL-centric data technologies were applications for†¦.. Warehouse management Shipment tracking and trace/event management Export/import/forwarding/customs clearance Web-enabled communications Transport management The dilemma of supply and demand is the driving force of people history, and it is directly connected to carry, Normally we cannot produce all the food or goods but we want to consume or use that goods so the requirement to consume we must transport. In the age of trade between farms and villages, today the products we consume travel long distance along global supply chains to reach us. Product, inventory control, transport, and delivery, and particular handling and management are all division of these supply chains. As supply chains become more geographically elaborate, their success depends additional and more on the expertise of competent transport intermediaries (Freight forwarder, or Freight logistic providers). Supply chains engage lots of groups of trading partners, and logistics is the key to holding them jointly. Logistics is the function of planning, implementing, and controlling the well-organized flow and storage of goods and their associated information. As global logistics become more challenging, and as the savings accessible through supply chain efficiency become more striking The international freight forwarding business emerged in Pakistan in the early 1980s. originally, the industry comprised a only some organization and focusing on the niche market that focus on the shipment of plants and equipment for the increasing weaving segment of the textile industry, household stuffing companies support families re-locating overseas and multilateral agencies providing food supplies under aid or crisis programs The job of the International freight forward is to move the supplies from one place to another place on the given time frame and make sure that the delivery will be on time and economical as well. Particularly freight forwarding companies arrange transport from shippers factories or storehouse to ports, stuffing or consolidation of cargo if necessary according to the clients needs, documentation, customs clearance, shipping (land, sea and air or combination thereof), unpacking or deconsolidation if necessary and delivery at customer selected location International freight forwarding firms in Pakistan can be segmented according to figure no 1.1 Primary service providers classification themselves as freight forwarders but efficiently working as brokers offering aggressive tariffs to little and average shippers for LCL cargoes, negotiate highest margins from consolidators search for lesser consignments to full container loads and arrange customs clearance, documentation and payment of customs levies. Middle order firms providing main services provided by primary services acting as selected agents for abroad buyers. Total solution providers contribution full range of services with access to worldwide networks through abroad associates. In Pakistan Freight Forwarding companies provide services as intermediaries and made become part of international trade activity, actually the Pakistanis exporters faced many difficulty if it does not take into description how the goods will be deliver to the market .The matter of freight forwarding must be careful at an early stage of the growth of the export marketing plan as it raise more than a few concerns that require to be address rapidly not only does the exporter require to recognize which to specify and work to, but the method of transport also requirements to be careful ( road, rail, sea, air). Packaging is also another issue that requirements to be considered, as is insurance. Much of the hassle can be taken out of the exporters hands by using an efficient freight forwarder, but as with any supplier care requirements to be taken to ensure that the supplier meets the requirements of the organization Problem Identification/ Statement:The research aim is to analyze the factors that are impact freight forwarders in shipping industry and also analyze the relationship of freight forwarders with shipping lines. In the modern world the trend has been changed in shipping industry now the Forwarding agent is playing a vital role in shipping industry as a middle man with the name of Fright Forwarder between the shipping line and exporters. Freight Forwarder has strong negotiating power to shipping lines due large numbers cargo velum because of the exporters preference that do exports through freight forwarder. They take an advantage with the bulk of cargo from the shipper (exporters) and play a role of big intermediaries among the shipping lines, buyer and exporters, and they provide a full of supply chains management and transportation, from the exporters where house to buyer door which is called pin to point service or door to door delivery. Therefore the Pakistani shipping sector and p articularly the leading position of Freight Forwarder act as intermediaries between the shipping lines and exporters. Although this research, the researcher will try to find out the reason of impact of freight forwarders in shipping industry, serious emphasis on the relation of freight forwarders and shipping lines, currently major problems b/w Freight Forwarders and Shipping Lines. 1.2.Purpose of Study This research will provide you better understanding and benefits of Freight Forwarders to the Shipping Lines and the Customers (Importer / Exporter). With respect to Shipping Lines Decrease the Shipping Lines risk Increase of cargo volume from single customer No pain for warehousing delivery With respect to Customers Accessibility from any location Reduce in transportation cost Convenience of logistic Pin to point delivery (Warehousing) 1.3. Research Objectives It will only consist of shipping lines and freight forwarders in Pakistan, specially with concept and practicing of how they doing a business and facilitate to customer no other fields will be considered. This research will only focus the factors which are impact the shipping lines business which may cause an increase in trade, profitability and reduce shipping line risk or any other. Thats why this will not include the all operations and other activities, which raise the revenue of shipping lines. It will only consist of those forwarding companies of Pakistan, which are directly involved with the international forwarders and involve the shipping line business. Research Questions: What are the influencing factors of shipping lines versus Freight Forwarders for Exporters and buyers? What are the major problems of freight forwarders presently with the shipping lines? What are the major problems of shipping line presently due to involvement of freight forwarders? What are the relationship between the Freight forwarders and Shipping lines, how they will grow and build up? Justification / Scope: We are a developing country under foreign investment and internal market. We do not have enough resources to meet even our consumption so to meet our own usage we need export and import world wide, for doing export and import we have two sources world wide which is called shipping lines and air lines which connect to world wide in every destination due to which we are able to consume internationally products and trade our local product world wide for generating revenue. This thesis is aimed at providing better conceptualization of freight forwarders and shipping lines business. This research will give clear image of the benefits and relationship of freight forwarder for the shipping lines and exporters lines. The findings of this study will help to understand the importance of freight forwarder in shipping industry and how they can use effectively. International Freight Forwarder:The job of the International freight forward is to move the supplies from one place to another place on the given time frame and make sure that the delivery will be on time and economical as well. They arrange the resources according the needs and requirements of the customer like Transportation from shippers factories to ports Packing or consolidation of cargo documentation Customs clearance Shipping (land, sea and air or combination thereof) Unpacking or deconsolidation is required Customs Clearing Agent: An agent certified by the Central Board of Revenue through the Customs authorities to complete documentation official procedure and assemble, on behalf of the merchant, disbursement of custom duties, taxes etc Shipping Agent: An agent licensed by the Central Board of Revenue through the Customs authorities for servicing vessels calling at Pakistans ports. The agent represents interest of the vessel/carrier and arranges payment of port dues. Shipper: Merchant or manufacturer or Supplier whos selling goods to overseas buyers Consignee: Merchant or manufacturer buying goods form overseas suppliers SCM: Supply chain management TEU: Twenty-foot equivalent unit a standard measurement of volume in container shipping. The bulk of containers are either 20 in length, or 40 in length. A 20Container is one TEU, a 40 container is two TEUs LCL: Less than container load cargo FCL: Full container load cargo SIZE: Freight forwarding companies have been classified according to annual TEUs handled as under: Small = 360 TEUs Medium + 1200 TEUs Large = 4800 TEUs POL: Port of load POD: Port of discharge We are a developing country under foreign investment and internal market. We do not have enough resources to meet even our consumption so to meet our own usage we need export and import world wide, for doing export and import we have two sources world wide which is called shipping lines and air lines which connect to world wide in every destination due to which we are able to consume internationally products and trade our local product world wide for generating revenue. This thesis is aimed at providing better conceptualization of freight forwarders and shipping lines business. This research will give clear image of the benefits and relationship of freight forwarder for the shipping lines and exporters lines. The findings of this study will help to understand the importance of freight forwarder in shipping industry and how they can use effectively CHAPTER # 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.LITERATURE REVIEW The previous chapter describes the background and the problem area of the study. In this chapter we discuss the literature related to the research topic. In this Literature Review, an attempt has been made to develop the conceptual framework of impact of Freight Forwarder in Shipping Industry. This chapter will review the literature on Shipping Line and Freight Forwarder. It will include material obtained from books, journals, academic journals and internet articles. The shipping industry is very important in the international economy because it carries a large portion of world trade. The Liner shipping is characterized by a range of economies of scale and scope signifying that low cost supply is likely to require some form of industry assimilation and hence concentration or cooperation, this could be achieved by a relatively small number of large global operators .The Industry trend to expansion of liner shipping and need to developments in Containerization which cover scale of economics. With the passage of time the liner business has optimistic into an age of affluence, and containerships have been moving require for other Ship types, the demand growth is generally but several other factors have been putting force on smaller carriers, including upsizing and route network developments. Currently the trends become visible into self-determining process over vessel allocation and rising profitability suggest that carriers will search for to more o f their own resources. Rivalry from logistics providers will gradually more dictate how the industry develops. The lower costs of condition of services require the various economies of scale and scope to be capture, a single shipping line may be unwilling to commit several large vessels in order to provide an inclusive, regular, scheduled service where demand is uncertain and where that uncertainty is exacerbate by the possibility of rivals encroaching on the trade. According to DELTAS, SERFES, SICOTTE the Agents of the various Lines meet and discuss the conditions which are changing from time to time, and which are affected by the competition of vagrant Vessels and decide on the policy to be pursued by all the Lines named with reference to the maintenance of stable rates of freight and to prevent demoralization. The liner shipping is becoming more concentrated via mergers and acquisitions, while average vessel size continues to grow as carriers attempt to capture scale economies. Rationalization is being driven by technological change and intense competition in most trades which has seen freight rates fall significantly in real terms and profitability decline, according to the researcher the expansion of global shipping companies has increased competition on individual routes. The constitute the total shipping demand of a particular market. The density of demand is then defined as the trade volume per kilometer of coast. This affords an admittedly imperfect demarcation of the system, unless there happen to be clear-cut geographical boundaries. The picture emerging is of a global liner shipping industry experiencing significant, and rapidly change, the trend towards greater industry concentration via mergers and acquisitions does not appear to have reduced competition. Appears the expansion of global shipping companies has increased competition on individual routes. The Hoffmann said that Asian lines have entered the North Atlantic trade, east-west lines are incoming north-south markets and the feeder services of big carriers are competing with traditional regional lines. In shipping liner service the growth in alternative types and the growing role of freight forwarders has placed increasing competitive pressure on carriers. To a minor extent potential competition in transporting general cargo exists in the form of alternative modes of transport such as air transport and tramp shipping. Market power is sustainable only where entry barriers to entry or exit is high, the Potential barriers to entry include regulatory and other essentially man-made or institutional barriers or economic barriers driven by characteristics of the market .when the barrier are low for entry and exit the competition will increase and the profitability will minimum accordingly Shipping liner business mean the process of transporting goods from one place to another that process of transportation may take place through sea, land or water, further more the process have been done underway of buyer and the seller with the negotiate and entering into an agreement/contract based on the mutually agreed upon terms .Their terms would include the description and the quantity of goods, the time by which the merchandise require to be delivered, the price and the documentary requirements. After the agreement is struck, the seller usually contacts the forwarding agents who are responsible for moving the goods from the sellers location to the ship. The Shippers interests in relation to shipping services agree with the public interest and shippers need to required profit-maximizes generally and the shipping lines offer the best-possible service for the lowest-possible price. In this era the shipper might play the role of the Forwarding agent too if it has the necessary expertise in the area, the following Forwarding agent contacts the shipping line and based on the terms and conditions mutually agreed upon, an agreement is reached for the goods to be transported from the port of origin to the destination port to the shipping line. A custom clearing agent is then assigned by the shipper for the handling of the custom related documentation or even this may be taken care of by the forwarding agent, thereafter the goods are moved by the forwarding agent to the port of origin or the shipping line. The goods can be picked from the shippers factory or may have already been moved from the shippers premises to the forwarding agents premises in which case they are further moved from the agents premises to the port of origin of shipping line. Once the goods are loaded on the ship, they are transported to the destination port where a similar process happens while th e goods make their way to the buyers premises The cargoes mostly were carried from country of origin to country of destination on a direct service or through involvement of transshipment port. Today shippers have a choice between a direct service and via transshipment port, but due to longer transit times and the possibility of cargo being damaged during transshipment or however, the quality of transshipment services often is comparable to that of direct services. It is likely to be at least in part to the trade imbalance, which means exporters are competing with increased volume with the involvement of supply liner efficient service. Freight rates are most major element for the liner shipping services, the requirement of competitive control of liner freight play a major roll in liner business, these general trends are illustrated by various freight rates cited in industry publications .Initially the first task is to identify the relevant markets which will clear define the density of demand for a particular transport service. International trade in bulk agricultural commodities recently has become more important to the world economy. Economists have devoted little attention to international shipping. Transport costs between countries can pose a formidable barrier to trade, similar in effect to tariffs and institutional constraints. Ocean transportation changes can affect the domestic grain transport system of major exporters. The shipping lines base on service provider from one place to another place according to the requirement of their customer, the nature of shipment which follow of cargoes very frequency. The involvement of transit time, ports of call, and reliability are all important characteristics of service quality, which can, in certain circumstances (for example, ‘just-in-time manufacturing or consumable cargoes), be more important than simple price considerations. An increase in service frequency does not of itself indicate that service levels have improved, For example, if average vessel sizes declined significantly so the level of service may be reduced even though the frequency of service has increased, since the monthly capacity available to shippers would be less and voyage duration would be longer. Capacity of itself is not an indicator of service levels, it provides an indication of the carriers ability to meet shippers demand which is important to note that vessel capacities presented here are optimum capacities and do not take into account weight limitations and the fact that some of this capacity may be used for cargo from other countries such as New Zealand. Ocean liner are illustrious from other suppliers of sea transport because they are committed to regular schedule of service between particular port at a price which fixed in the short run more over the shipping line agree to satisfy all reasonable needs of the respective shipper in both quantity and quality of service. The Globalization of business and the departure of ‘just-in-time inventory management has increased shipper preference for intermodal or door-to-door transport services, although facts given to suggests that this trend has been less marked in Australia than in the United States or Europe. While a single transport provider usually coordinates the intermodal service (so that the shipper has a single point of contact and receives a single bill of lading), the physical transport service may be provided by several land and sea carriers so Liner shipping operators have responded to shipper preferences by offering shippers a range of transport options, including door-to-door and terminal-to-terminal services. The liner industry is necessarily responsive to trends, and nobody appreciated. What changes were going to occur in the second half of the twentieth century? In the late 1940s and 1950s, liner companies were thinking primarily in terms of replacements for those conventional ships that had been lost in the Second World War But reconstruction and returning servicemen with significant back pay to dispose of, created a post-war boom, and wages rose sharply, reflecting labor shortages as well as being partly intended to stave off the expansion of Communist ideology. That situation affected the previously labor intensive liner industry, pushing up crew and shore labor costs and squeezing liner company profitability. After the Eighteen years the Second World War, Carrefour opened the worlds first hypermarket in outside Paris. Five years later the first fully cellular container service started operations, although carriers, who otherwise faced the prospect of block obsolescence and the requi rement for simultaneous replacement of the by now 25-year-old replacement fleets that had been introduced after the war, were nervous about introducing a system that, by very specifically defining the way cargo had to be shipped, reduced cargo owners ability to call the shots, and particularly affected the sorts of cargo in which British and American liner cargo exporters were strongest modified shipments to specific importers. Acceptance of containerization by smaller and niche liner operators, labor, port authorities and other vested interest was slow, but cargo-owner enthusiastic participation came much quicker than the liner companies had expected. The surprising growth of demand for container services over the last almost 40 years has been both an annoyance and a lucky thing to the industry. It has put great pressure on carriers balance sheets as a result of the unchangeable demand for capital, aggravated by the steady decline in freight rates that has so often been consequence of technical innovation. The worlds growing dependence on container liner services and the size of profits recorded by carriers in the middle years of the first decade of the twenty-first. As shipping companies adjust to a dynamic and rapidly changing environment so do the financial methods and instruments available to rise funding and materialize vital investment budgets. The core business strategy of shipping companies in recent days is gradually shifting from simple profit maximization to an increase in firm market value.The following achievement of shipping firms should consistently focus on promote investment plans that bear growth potential and have positive returns which outperform more than requirement of costs undertaken. The intermediaries to provide the funds required to financing new investment projects and sustain business growth, fresh funds are channeled to shipping firms in need through the issuance of securities One significant path to economic development is shipping and this is because of their offer cheap freight rate and the large volume of freight transported and according to compared with the other modes of transport, for example air, water transportation offers the cheapest freight rates Adam Smith, â€Å"writing in the last quarter of the eighteenth century (1776), noted that shipping is instrumental to economic development†. In his book The Wealth of Nations he argues that the key economic power in capitalist societies is the division of labor, and the scope of the market determines the extent to which this can be practiced because the limited nature of the business will equally limit the degree of specialization. Shipping as a source of cheap transport, Smith pointed out, opens wider markets to specialization. The idea third party logistics providers are as basic as deficient to have someone else perform the job for you instead of exporters who facilitate according to maintain their transportation or distribution and as so on. 2007).Supply chain management applications have a small number of capabilities in general. The data must be available to a user anyplace in the world; it should be correct and flexible, visible, and fast. With the help of supply chain software they can attain inventory efficiency, quicker information flow additional accurate determinations of when and how much resources should be purchased, manufactures, or moved and careful monitoring of events and inventory within and outside the venture and electronic enterprise association, which replaces manual linkage .These systems can assist companies integrate similar process spread over different areas and limit unnecessary activities, enhancing their ability to manage with customer needs and meet product quality principles . The requirement of marketing and customer service exploitation organizations that work together to create and retain potential market positions for end products .Unlike the case of supply chain management, there is no well-established approach to design chain management or marketing chain management, It should be noted, how ever, that through the ideas and practices of concurrent engineering, design for manufacturability, design for logistics, and mass customization, the discipline of supply chain management has already been concerned with its own integration with design chain management. It is evident that in the current business environment of keep competition, of fast technological and market changes, and of demanding customers, the successful delivery of end products and services to the right markets at the correct time requires integrated operations of the marketing chain, the design chain, and the supply chain, In order for the supply chain, design chain, and marketing chain to be integrated, the resulting integrated system may be characterized by a network of knowledge and competence in manufacturing and distribution, and in design and marketing that the companies bring to the table., it seems reasonable to call such integrated systems knowledge supply networks. The Researcher defines the â€Å"Big Middle† as the market space in which the bulk of suppliers compete for the majority of respondent and the preponderance of expenditures occur. It is the space in which retailers wish to exist in their quest for increased revenues, scale economies, and profits, the Big Middle appears in any economy in which huge scale retailing has develop, it is a mind space that lies between other competitive arena, with the help of low-price fringe and the innovative fringe. Low price fringe retailers use basic merchandise and low prices to compete though other elements of the retailing mix are present, they are not the primary reason people shop at these stores. Although a retailer does not have to be in the Big Middle to be successful in the short run, those that become the largest and, by implication, the most successful, are inexorably drawn there over time in their search for scale economies, increased revenues, and incremental profits The Supply Chain is an integrated process from raw from of material to Finish goods reaches to consumer, the supply chain mainly involves the following process/functions: Procurement Production Planning Ware house and Distribution Logistic Its all a function of the â€Å"core competency† plan that has producers concentrating on developing and creation their goods, and then hire an external firm direct exactly how those goods will get to the customer The Brief identifies intermediaries as commonly independent 3rd party that play an essential part in collaborativ Impact of Freight Forwarders in the Shipping Industry Impact of Freight Forwarders in the Shipping Industry 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction The basic ideology of this thesis is to determine the impact of freight forwarders in the shipping industry of Pakistan. This chapter briefly describes an introduction of the thesis. Being the introductory chapter of the thesis, the present chapter includes the introductory outline of the research as it will lay an emphasis on the background of the research and clearly identify the rationale for undertaking this research. Liner shipping is characterized by a range of economies of scale and scope suggesting that low cost supply is likely to require some form of industry combination and concentration or cooperation; this could be achieved by a comparatively small number of large global operators. There are many reasons behind it including bad economic situation of Pakistan, Shippers interests in relation to shipping services coincide with the public interest and shippers as profit maximizes generally will have a strong incentive to obtain the best possible service for the lowest possible price Contextual Frame: The shipping business plays a vital function in the international economy because it carries a large portion of world trade The Industry trends towards expansion of liner shipping and needs developments in Containerization because they cover scale of economics. With the passage of time the shipping liner industry has moved into an era of affluence, and containerships have been moving require for other Ship types, the demand growth is generally and also several other factors have been putting force on smaller carriers, including upsizing and route network developments. Currently the trends become visible into independent process over vessel allocation and rising profitability suggests that carriers will seek to own additional of their own assets. Shipping lines is an essential part of Pakistans trade, which provides intermediate service input for Pakistans merchandise trade merchandise. According to bulk shipping where each vessel carries one commodity on a charter basis, the demand for liner shipping is diverse. The costs of coordinating these diverse demands virtually rule out ship leasing as an efficient form of service delivery. The supply of regular and scheduled liner services provides a means of reducing transactions costs so that exporters with diverse demands are able to access liner shipping services. The trend to larger ships has been accompanied by strong growth in available liner capacity. The reason of significant development in shipping liner business because of its cheap freight rate and the large volume of freight transported. Compared with the other modes of transport, for example air, water transportation offers the cheapest freight rates The idea third party logistics providers are as basic as deficient to have somebody else do the work for you instead of exporters who facilitate according to maintain their transportation or distribution and as so on. Supply chain management applications have a small amount of capabilities in ordinary. The data must be available to a user anyplace in the world; it must be exact, flexible, visible, and fast. With the help of supply chain software they can attain inventory effectiveness, faster information flow more exact determinations of when and how much material/capacity must be purchased, manufacture or moved and watchful monitoring of events and inventory within and external the venture and electronic enterprise linkage, which replaces manual linkage . These systems can help companies to incorporate similar process spread over different place and limit needless activities, enhancing their skill to cope with consumer requirements and meet goods quality standards The use of supply chain applications varies in diverse parts of the world. In 2003, North Americas top five 3PL-centric data technologies were applications for†¦.. Warehouse management Shipment tracking and trace/event management Export/import/forwarding/customs clearance Web-enabled communications Transport management The dilemma of supply and demand is the driving force of people history, and it is directly connected to carry, Normally we cannot produce all the food or goods but we want to consume or use that goods so the requirement to consume we must transport. In the age of trade between farms and villages, today the products we consume travel long distance along global supply chains to reach us. Product, inventory control, transport, and delivery, and particular handling and management are all division of these supply chains. As supply chains become more geographically elaborate, their success depends additional and more on the expertise of competent transport intermediaries (Freight forwarder, or Freight logistic providers). Supply chains engage lots of groups of trading partners, and logistics is the key to holding them jointly. Logistics is the function of planning, implementing, and controlling the well-organized flow and storage of goods and their associated information. As global logistics become more challenging, and as the savings accessible through supply chain efficiency become more striking The international freight forwarding business emerged in Pakistan in the early 1980s. originally, the industry comprised a only some organization and focusing on the niche market that focus on the shipment of plants and equipment for the increasing weaving segment of the textile industry, household stuffing companies support families re-locating overseas and multilateral agencies providing food supplies under aid or crisis programs The job of the International freight forward is to move the supplies from one place to another place on the given time frame and make sure that the delivery will be on time and economical as well. Particularly freight forwarding companies arrange transport from shippers factories or storehouse to ports, stuffing or consolidation of cargo if necessary according to the clients needs, documentation, customs clearance, shipping (land, sea and air or combination thereof), unpacking or deconsolidation if necessary and delivery at customer selected location International freight forwarding firms in Pakistan can be segmented according to figure no 1.1 Primary service providers classification themselves as freight forwarders but efficiently working as brokers offering aggressive tariffs to little and average shippers for LCL cargoes, negotiate highest margins from consolidators search for lesser consignments to full container loads and arrange customs clearance, documentation and payment of customs levies. Middle order firms providing main services provided by primary services acting as selected agents for abroad buyers. Total solution providers contribution full range of services with access to worldwide networks through abroad associates. In Pakistan Freight Forwarding companies provide services as intermediaries and made become part of international trade activity, actually the Pakistanis exporters faced many difficulty if it does not take into description how the goods will be deliver to the market .The matter of freight forwarding must be careful at an early stage of the growth of the export marketing plan as it raise more than a few concerns that require to be address rapidly not only does the exporter require to recognize which to specify and work to, but the method of transport also requirements to be careful ( road, rail, sea, air). Packaging is also another issue that requirements to be considered, as is insurance. Much of the hassle can be taken out of the exporters hands by using an efficient freight forwarder, but as with any supplier care requirements to be taken to ensure that the supplier meets the requirements of the organization Problem Identification/ Statement:The research aim is to analyze the factors that are impact freight forwarders in shipping industry and also analyze the relationship of freight forwarders with shipping lines. In the modern world the trend has been changed in shipping industry now the Forwarding agent is playing a vital role in shipping industry as a middle man with the name of Fright Forwarder between the shipping line and exporters. Freight Forwarder has strong negotiating power to shipping lines due large numbers cargo velum because of the exporters preference that do exports through freight forwarder. They take an advantage with the bulk of cargo from the shipper (exporters) and play a role of big intermediaries among the shipping lines, buyer and exporters, and they provide a full of supply chains management and transportation, from the exporters where house to buyer door which is called pin to point service or door to door delivery. Therefore the Pakistani shipping sector and p articularly the leading position of Freight Forwarder act as intermediaries between the shipping lines and exporters. Although this research, the researcher will try to find out the reason of impact of freight forwarders in shipping industry, serious emphasis on the relation of freight forwarders and shipping lines, currently major problems b/w Freight Forwarders and Shipping Lines. 1.2.Purpose of Study This research will provide you better understanding and benefits of Freight Forwarders to the Shipping Lines and the Customers (Importer / Exporter). With respect to Shipping Lines Decrease the Shipping Lines risk Increase of cargo volume from single customer No pain for warehousing delivery With respect to Customers Accessibility from any location Reduce in transportation cost Convenience of logistic Pin to point delivery (Warehousing) 1.3. Research Objectives It will only consist of shipping lines and freight forwarders in Pakistan, specially with concept and practicing of how they doing a business and facilitate to customer no other fields will be considered. This research will only focus the factors which are impact the shipping lines business which may cause an increase in trade, profitability and reduce shipping line risk or any other. Thats why this will not include the all operations and other activities, which raise the revenue of shipping lines. It will only consist of those forwarding companies of Pakistan, which are directly involved with the international forwarders and involve the shipping line business. Research Questions: What are the influencing factors of shipping lines versus Freight Forwarders for Exporters and buyers? What are the major problems of freight forwarders presently with the shipping lines? What are the major problems of shipping line presently due to involvement of freight forwarders? What are the relationship between the Freight forwarders and Shipping lines, how they will grow and build up? Justification / Scope: We are a developing country under foreign investment and internal market. We do not have enough resources to meet even our consumption so to meet our own usage we need export and import world wide, for doing export and import we have two sources world wide which is called shipping lines and air lines which connect to world wide in every destination due to which we are able to consume internationally products and trade our local product world wide for generating revenue. This thesis is aimed at providing better conceptualization of freight forwarders and shipping lines business. This research will give clear image of the benefits and relationship of freight forwarder for the shipping lines and exporters lines. The findings of this study will help to understand the importance of freight forwarder in shipping industry and how they can use effectively. International Freight Forwarder:The job of the International freight forward is to move the supplies from one place to another place on the given time frame and make sure that the delivery will be on time and economical as well. They arrange the resources according the needs and requirements of the customer like Transportation from shippers factories to ports Packing or consolidation of cargo documentation Customs clearance Shipping (land, sea and air or combination thereof) Unpacking or deconsolidation is required Customs Clearing Agent: An agent certified by the Central Board of Revenue through the Customs authorities to complete documentation official procedure and assemble, on behalf of the merchant, disbursement of custom duties, taxes etc Shipping Agent: An agent licensed by the Central Board of Revenue through the Customs authorities for servicing vessels calling at Pakistans ports. The agent represents interest of the vessel/carrier and arranges payment of port dues. Shipper: Merchant or manufacturer or Supplier whos selling goods to overseas buyers Consignee: Merchant or manufacturer buying goods form overseas suppliers SCM: Supply chain management TEU: Twenty-foot equivalent unit a standard measurement of volume in container shipping. The bulk of containers are either 20 in length, or 40 in length. A 20Container is one TEU, a 40 container is two TEUs LCL: Less than container load cargo FCL: Full container load cargo SIZE: Freight forwarding companies have been classified according to annual TEUs handled as under: Small = 360 TEUs Medium + 1200 TEUs Large = 4800 TEUs POL: Port of load POD: Port of discharge We are a developing country under foreign investment and internal market. We do not have enough resources to meet even our consumption so to meet our own usage we need export and import world wide, for doing export and import we have two sources world wide which is called shipping lines and air lines which connect to world wide in every destination due to which we are able to consume internationally products and trade our local product world wide for generating revenue. This thesis is aimed at providing better conceptualization of freight forwarders and shipping lines business. This research will give clear image of the benefits and relationship of freight forwarder for the shipping lines and exporters lines. The findings of this study will help to understand the importance of freight forwarder in shipping industry and how they can use effectively CHAPTER # 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.LITERATURE REVIEW The previous chapter describes the background and the problem area of the study. In this chapter we discuss the literature related to the research topic. In this Literature Review, an attempt has been made to develop the conceptual framework of impact of Freight Forwarder in Shipping Industry. This chapter will review the literature on Shipping Line and Freight Forwarder. It will include material obtained from books, journals, academic journals and internet articles. The shipping industry is very important in the international economy because it carries a large portion of world trade. The Liner shipping is characterized by a range of economies of scale and scope signifying that low cost supply is likely to require some form of industry assimilation and hence concentration or cooperation, this could be achieved by a relatively small number of large global operators .The Industry trend to expansion of liner shipping and need to developments in Containerization which cover scale of economics. With the passage of time the liner business has optimistic into an age of affluence, and containerships have been moving require for other Ship types, the demand growth is generally but several other factors have been putting force on smaller carriers, including upsizing and route network developments. Currently the trends become visible into self-determining process over vessel allocation and rising profitability suggest that carriers will search for to more o f their own resources. Rivalry from logistics providers will gradually more dictate how the industry develops. The lower costs of condition of services require the various economies of scale and scope to be capture, a single shipping line may be unwilling to commit several large vessels in order to provide an inclusive, regular, scheduled service where demand is uncertain and where that uncertainty is exacerbate by the possibility of rivals encroaching on the trade. According to DELTAS, SERFES, SICOTTE the Agents of the various Lines meet and discuss the conditions which are changing from time to time, and which are affected by the competition of vagrant Vessels and decide on the policy to be pursued by all the Lines named with reference to the maintenance of stable rates of freight and to prevent demoralization. The liner shipping is becoming more concentrated via mergers and acquisitions, while average vessel size continues to grow as carriers attempt to capture scale economies. Rationalization is being driven by technological change and intense competition in most trades which has seen freight rates fall significantly in real terms and profitability decline, according to the researcher the expansion of global shipping companies has increased competition on individual routes. The constitute the total shipping demand of a particular market. The density of demand is then defined as the trade volume per kilometer of coast. This affords an admittedly imperfect demarcation of the system, unless there happen to be clear-cut geographical boundaries. The picture emerging is of a global liner shipping industry experiencing significant, and rapidly change, the trend towards greater industry concentration via mergers and acquisitions does not appear to have reduced competition. Appears the expansion of global shipping companies has increased competition on individual routes. The Hoffmann said that Asian lines have entered the North Atlantic trade, east-west lines are incoming north-south markets and the feeder services of big carriers are competing with traditional regional lines. In shipping liner service the growth in alternative types and the growing role of freight forwarders has placed increasing competitive pressure on carriers. To a minor extent potential competition in transporting general cargo exists in the form of alternative modes of transport such as air transport and tramp shipping. Market power is sustainable only where entry barriers to entry or exit is high, the Potential barriers to entry include regulatory and other essentially man-made or institutional barriers or economic barriers driven by characteristics of the market .when the barrier are low for entry and exit the competition will increase and the profitability will minimum accordingly Shipping liner business mean the process of transporting goods from one place to another that process of transportation may take place through sea, land or water, further more the process have been done underway of buyer and the seller with the negotiate and entering into an agreement/contract based on the mutually agreed upon terms .Their terms would include the description and the quantity of goods, the time by which the merchandise require to be delivered, the price and the documentary requirements. After the agreement is struck, the seller usually contacts the forwarding agents who are responsible for moving the goods from the sellers location to the ship. The Shippers interests in relation to shipping services agree with the public interest and shippers need to required profit-maximizes generally and the shipping lines offer the best-possible service for the lowest-possible price. In this era the shipper might play the role of the Forwarding agent too if it has the necessary expertise in the area, the following Forwarding agent contacts the shipping line and based on the terms and conditions mutually agreed upon, an agreement is reached for the goods to be transported from the port of origin to the destination port to the shipping line. A custom clearing agent is then assigned by the shipper for the handling of the custom related documentation or even this may be taken care of by the forwarding agent, thereafter the goods are moved by the forwarding agent to the port of origin or the shipping line. The goods can be picked from the shippers factory or may have already been moved from the shippers premises to the forwarding agents premises in which case they are further moved from the agents premises to the port of origin of shipping line. Once the goods are loaded on the ship, they are transported to the destination port where a similar process happens while th e goods make their way to the buyers premises The cargoes mostly were carried from country of origin to country of destination on a direct service or through involvement of transshipment port. Today shippers have a choice between a direct service and via transshipment port, but due to longer transit times and the possibility of cargo being damaged during transshipment or however, the quality of transshipment services often is comparable to that of direct services. It is likely to be at least in part to the trade imbalance, which means exporters are competing with increased volume with the involvement of supply liner efficient service. Freight rates are most major element for the liner shipping services, the requirement of competitive control of liner freight play a major roll in liner business, these general trends are illustrated by various freight rates cited in industry publications .Initially the first task is to identify the relevant markets which will clear define the density of demand for a particular transport service. International trade in bulk agricultural commodities recently has become more important to the world economy. Economists have devoted little attention to international shipping. Transport costs between countries can pose a formidable barrier to trade, similar in effect to tariffs and institutional constraints. Ocean transportation changes can affect the domestic grain transport system of major exporters. The shipping lines base on service provider from one place to another place according to the requirement of their customer, the nature of shipment which follow of cargoes very frequency. The involvement of transit time, ports of call, and reliability are all important characteristics of service quality, which can, in certain circumstances (for example, ‘just-in-time manufacturing or consumable cargoes), be more important than simple price considerations. An increase in service frequency does not of itself indicate that service levels have improved, For example, if average vessel sizes declined significantly so the level of service may be reduced even though the frequency of service has increased, since the monthly capacity available to shippers would be less and voyage duration would be longer. Capacity of itself is not an indicator of service levels, it provides an indication of the carriers ability to meet shippers demand which is important to note that vessel capacities presented here are optimum capacities and do not take into account weight limitations and the fact that some of this capacity may be used for cargo from other countries such as New Zealand. Ocean liner are illustrious from other suppliers of sea transport because they are committed to regular schedule of service between particular port at a price which fixed in the short run more over the shipping line agree to satisfy all reasonable needs of the respective shipper in both quantity and quality of service. The Globalization of business and the departure of ‘just-in-time inventory management has increased shipper preference for intermodal or door-to-door transport services, although facts given to suggests that this trend has been less marked in Australia than in the United States or Europe. While a single transport provider usually coordinates the intermodal service (so that the shipper has a single point of contact and receives a single bill of lading), the physical transport service may be provided by several land and sea carriers so Liner shipping operators have responded to shipper preferences by offering shippers a range of transport options, including door-to-door and terminal-to-terminal services. The liner industry is necessarily responsive to trends, and nobody appreciated. What changes were going to occur in the second half of the twentieth century? In the late 1940s and 1950s, liner companies were thinking primarily in terms of replacements for those conventional ships that had been lost in the Second World War But reconstruction and returning servicemen with significant back pay to dispose of, created a post-war boom, and wages rose sharply, reflecting labor shortages as well as being partly intended to stave off the expansion of Communist ideology. That situation affected the previously labor intensive liner industry, pushing up crew and shore labor costs and squeezing liner company profitability. After the Eighteen years the Second World War, Carrefour opened the worlds first hypermarket in outside Paris. Five years later the first fully cellular container service started operations, although carriers, who otherwise faced the prospect of block obsolescence and the requi rement for simultaneous replacement of the by now 25-year-old replacement fleets that had been introduced after the war, were nervous about introducing a system that, by very specifically defining the way cargo had to be shipped, reduced cargo owners ability to call the shots, and particularly affected the sorts of cargo in which British and American liner cargo exporters were strongest modified shipments to specific importers. Acceptance of containerization by smaller and niche liner operators, labor, port authorities and other vested interest was slow, but cargo-owner enthusiastic participation came much quicker than the liner companies had expected. The surprising growth of demand for container services over the last almost 40 years has been both an annoyance and a lucky thing to the industry. It has put great pressure on carriers balance sheets as a result of the unchangeable demand for capital, aggravated by the steady decline in freight rates that has so often been consequence of technical innovation. The worlds growing dependence on container liner services and the size of profits recorded by carriers in the middle years of the first decade of the twenty-first. As shipping companies adjust to a dynamic and rapidly changing environment so do the financial methods and instruments available to rise funding and materialize vital investment budgets. The core business strategy of shipping companies in recent days is gradually shifting from simple profit maximization to an increase in firm market value.The following achievement of shipping firms should consistently focus on promote investment plans that bear growth potential and have positive returns which outperform more than requirement of costs undertaken. The intermediaries to provide the funds required to financing new investment projects and sustain business growth, fresh funds are channeled to shipping firms in need through the issuance of securities One significant path to economic development is shipping and this is because of their offer cheap freight rate and the large volume of freight transported and according to compared with the other modes of transport, for example air, water transportation offers the cheapest freight rates Adam Smith, â€Å"writing in the last quarter of the eighteenth century (1776), noted that shipping is instrumental to economic development†. In his book The Wealth of Nations he argues that the key economic power in capitalist societies is the division of labor, and the scope of the market determines the extent to which this can be practiced because the limited nature of the business will equally limit the degree of specialization. Shipping as a source of cheap transport, Smith pointed out, opens wider markets to specialization. The idea third party logistics providers are as basic as deficient to have someone else perform the job for you instead of exporters who facilitate according to maintain their transportation or distribution and as so on. 2007).Supply chain management applications have a small number of capabilities in general. The data must be available to a user anyplace in the world; it should be correct and flexible, visible, and fast. With the help of supply chain software they can attain inventory efficiency, quicker information flow additional accurate determinations of when and how much resources should be purchased, manufactures, or moved and careful monitoring of events and inventory within and outside the venture and electronic enterprise association, which replaces manual linkage .These systems can assist companies integrate similar process spread over different areas and limit unnecessary activities, enhancing their ability to manage with customer needs and meet product quality principles . The requirement of marketing and customer service exploitation organizations that work together to create and retain potential market positions for end products .Unlike the case of supply chain management, there is no well-established approach to design chain management or marketing chain management, It should be noted, how ever, that through the ideas and practices of concurrent engineering, design for manufacturability, design for logistics, and mass customization, the discipline of supply chain management has already been concerned with its own integration with design chain management. It is evident that in the current business environment of keep competition, of fast technological and market changes, and of demanding customers, the successful delivery of end products and services to the right markets at the correct time requires integrated operations of the marketing chain, the design chain, and the supply chain, In order for the supply chain, design chain, and marketing chain to be integrated, the resulting integrated system may be characterized by a network of knowledge and competence in manufacturing and distribution, and in design and marketing that the companies bring to the table., it seems reasonable to call such integrated systems knowledge supply networks. The Researcher defines the â€Å"Big Middle† as the market space in which the bulk of suppliers compete for the majority of respondent and the preponderance of expenditures occur. It is the space in which retailers wish to exist in their quest for increased revenues, scale economies, and profits, the Big Middle appears in any economy in which huge scale retailing has develop, it is a mind space that lies between other competitive arena, with the help of low-price fringe and the innovative fringe. Low price fringe retailers use basic merchandise and low prices to compete though other elements of the retailing mix are present, they are not the primary reason people shop at these stores. Although a retailer does not have to be in the Big Middle to be successful in the short run, those that become the largest and, by implication, the most successful, are inexorably drawn there over time in their search for scale economies, increased revenues, and incremental profits The Supply Chain is an integrated process from raw from of material to Finish goods reaches to consumer, the supply chain mainly involves the following process/functions: Procurement Production Planning Ware house and Distribution Logistic Its all a function of the â€Å"core competency† plan that has producers concentrating on developing and creation their goods, and then hire an external firm direct exactly how those goods will get to the customer The Brief identifies intermediaries as commonly independent 3rd party that play an essential part in collaborativ