Kasanayan Sa Filipino Essay

Romblon /rÉ’mˈbloÊŠn/rom-blohn, (Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Romblon), is an island province of the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA region. It lies south of Marinduque and Quezon, east of Mindoro, north of Aklan and Capiz, and west of Masbate. Its capital is also named Romblon. According the May 2010 Philippine census, it has a total population of 283,930 people.[2] The province of Romblon is composed of three larger islands; Romblon Island at the center where the provincial capital is located, Tablas Island to the west, and Sibuyan Island to the east. It also includes the smaller islands of Banton, Maestro de Campo, Simara, Carabao, Carlota and Isabel. Approximately 187 nautical miles (346 km) south of Manila, the islands of Romblon lie on Sibuyan Sea, south of Marinduque Island and north of Panay Island. To the east is the island of Masbate and in the west, the island of Mindoro. The province is composed of three major islands: Romblon, where the capital city of Romblon is lo cated, Tablas, the largest island in the province, and Sibuyan, the easternmost island. There are also four smaller island municipalities: Banton Island, Simara Island, Maestro de Campo Island, and Carabao Island. Most of Romblon’s islands have a mountainous and rugged topography, and are of volcanic origin. The highest elevation in the province is Mount Guiting-Guiting in Sibuyan, which stands at 2,058 m. The peak boasts one of the most challenging climbs in the country due to its jagged summit.[3] Due to its geography, the province is endowed with lush vegetation and mineral resources. The fertile soil nurtures various agricultural activities. Being an archipelago, its coasts are dotted with numerous fine, white sand beaches such as in Carabao Island and Cresta del Gallo. Offshore, Romblon is a rich fishing ground. The islands lie on the migratory path of fishes from the Sulu and Visayan Seas, passing the Tablas Strait, Sibuyan Sea and Romblon Pass.[4] Romblon does not have a truly pronounced wet or dry season though the heaviest rainfall occurs from September to January. The driest months are March and April which are the best months to visit the province. 27Â ° Celsius is the annual mean temperature, with February being the coldest month with temperatures dropping to 20Â °C, and May being the warmest month wherein temperatures could reach 35Â °C. Southwest monsoon winds or Habagat pass through the province from June to October while northeasterly winds or Amihan blows through the islands from December to February. This Turtle Sanctuary Project is Sponsored by Chris Bech and his wife Theresa – Beach Land Estate Inc. Tablas Island. We are proud to pass on our latest pictures of the new baby Turtles that were hatched yesterday at our Turtle Sanctuary in Ferrol, Tablas Island, Romblon. 64 new baby turtles all hatched and are healthy and eating well, there are another 120 eggs in another batch, and 80 in another batch of eggs, they should hatch within the next week or so, we will update you. We have made a turtle egg protective area, to protect the eggs from predators, and we have a nipa hut where we assist visitors and have viewing area, we are in the process of making a new web site Romblon Marine Life which will be published early January 2012.

Nanotechnology in Sports Science and Equipment in China

CAES 2802 essay Nanotechnology in sports science and equipment in China Have you ever wondered why the tennis racket you are using is so flexible yet durable to withstand the force of swings? Or why does that tight vest you are wearing seem so thin yet provide excellent protection and warmth even in the coldest weather? Nanotechnology has been a rapidly advancing technology in the preceding decade, and is expected to be growing enormously in various aspects in the coming future.The potential of nano-tech extends far, and gives promising results in sciences and medicine, and of course, the many sports equipment we are currently using. What is nano-tech? All matters are made up of tiny particles, called atoms, and their properties are directly determined by these small particles, their strength, colours, textures†¦ Nanotechnology is a science which aims at directly making products in that atomic level, and therefore, we can directly decide what properties of that material we want. For example, we want a light and strong material to make our sports rackets, and we found that carbon is the best building blocks and we invented many different kinds of materials, including carbon nanotube we always hear about. And these are collectively known as nanomaterial. Numerous researches have been conducted in both China and Hong Kong. China government has invested large amount of funds into the field of nano technology. Since 1999, China's spending on  research and development  (R;D) has gone up by more than 20% each year and a further funding of ? 12 billion has been invested in 20121.And over 30,863 patents on nano technology was established since 2008 and the number of nanotechnology related science publications in China has ranked second in the world, surpassed only by the USA2. These statistics all showed that China is closing gap between frontier countries and determined to have a large chuck of profit from this big cake. Back to the science itself, nanomaterial has been used on different sports equipment. For example, the tennis racket Roger Federer using is made with nano-titanium oxide, a very strong and light material, inside a matrix of carbon fiber composite3.This makes their tennis racket extremely light and durable. What properties of nanomaterial constitute to these favourable characters? Most materials’ properties are governed by how the atoms align themselves within the material, we call it the matrix. Normal materials will have dislocations among those aligned atoms and may result in weaknesses, however, nanomaterials have their atoms aligned in necklaces form and the boundaries between those â€Å"necklaces† becomes smaller and the material becomes stronger and, since spaces are conserved, lighter as well4.Aside from this principle, scientists have also managed to place small particles within the matrix and making it more compact, for example, YONEX has succeeded in penetrating nano-scale particles between the ca rbon atoms, resulting in their rackets produced having 30% more strength and 10% more durability3. Despite these advantages, there are still risks of these nanomaterial having negative impacts to people’s health and their safety is yet to be 100% confirmed to be free of harm.Many countries have already passed legislations that regulate the uses of these nanomaterials. The Europe Commission has adopted a so called â€Å"incremental approach†, which aims at using existing legislations to tackle with the problems of the possible risks of nanomaterial5. And after several studies, the European Commission is considering the possibility of â€Å"reexamining and, if necessary lowering the current 1 ton per annum threshold† for engineered nanoparticles (European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General, 2004).Furthermore, the Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering has suggested that nanomaterials should be treated as a new substance under ex isting chemicals regulation laws, which state that those newly invented materials should be carefully assessed and classified5. The nanomaterial can be classified into the two types we have mentioned: materials that are nanostructured in bulk, and materials with nanoparticles within. It is the latter type of nanomaterial that is potentially hazardous to human beings.The nano particles, which are not necessarily tightly bound to the material itself, will easily leak out and cause health impact to human beings. Also, many sports equipment, such as baseball bat contains carbon nanotubes and after disposal, may produce toxic gases with tiny carbon particles during waste treatment3. These are all possible ways of nanomaterial imposing harms to our health and should not be overlooked. Meanwhile in China, there is no legislation or regulatory means to assess those hazards from nanomaterial.China has been urged to carry out extensive safety studies and tighten regulation of its thriving nan otechnology industry. Zhao Yuliang, deputy director of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ National Centre for Nano-science and Technology (NCNST), has stated that â€Å"We certainly don’t want safety issues to become a trade barrier for nano-based products,† he said. â€Å"The main challenge is to tease out what characteristics make some nanoparticles hazardous. † Although China is fast behind those science giants like USA, they still have much more to do before they can be praised as a scientifically advanced country.Meanwhile the USA is spending half of its fund on nanotechnology for safety studies; China only spends a mere 3 percent. And most of the public is unconcerned about this matter, according to a survey conducted by Dalian University6. Nanotechnology is a marvelous science created by mankind, it has promised extensive uses in all kinds of field, and like all other technologies, it has its risks and danger. China, in the future, has much to catch up with, and should bear a more attentive and cautious attitude towards developing this kind of new material.Especially when those products are so widely used in sports, where there are frequent contacts with human beings. Reference List 1. Tom M. China’s giant step into nanotech. The Guardian [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2013 April 19]. Available from: â€Å"http://www. guardian. co. uk/technology/2009/mar/26/nanotechnology-china† 2. Can Huang, Yilin Wu. State-led Technological Development: A Case of China’s Nanotechnology Development. EPIP 2011, Proceedings of The 6th Annual Conference of the EPIP Association, 2011. Brussels, Belgium: EPIP; p. -4 3. Chuyan Li, Xinliang Liu, Sijin Meng, Yanfen Xiao. â€Å"Study on application and biosafety of nano-materials in sports engineering†. IEEE 2011. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Future Computer Science and Education, 2011. Hong Kong, China: IEEE; p. 1-4 4. Brown University, NanoTechnology: New principle in material science discovered. ScienceDaily [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2013 April 19]. Available from : â€Å"http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2010/04/100407134817. htm† 5.Antonio Franco, Steffen Foss Hansen, Stig Irving Olsen, Luciano Butti, Limits and prospects of the â€Å"incremental approach† and the European legislation on the management of risks related to nanomaterials, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 48, Issue 2, July 2007, Pages 171-183, ISSN 0273-2300, 10. 1016/j. yrtph. 2007. 03. 007. Available from http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0273230007000372 6. Jane Qiu. Nao-safety Urged in China. Nature [internet] 2012. [cited 2013 April 18]. Available from : â€Å"http://www. nature. com/news/nano-safety-studies-urged-in-china-1. 11437†

Celebrities in politics Essay

I will get straight to the point, I believe that when celebrities get involved in  politics they draw attention away from the actual political issues and campaigns at hand. Having film stars in politics for endorsements will definitely draw a crowds and more  importantly votes. Because people love and become inspired by the characters played by an individual and in the end they are in fact become blinded by who that individual really is. It is as if you give a dangerous person, or as I will refer to him as, â€Å"an evil dower† some candy. Now a politician by him self is an evil dower who does not have candy. Without the candy it is very hard for an evil dower to attract little children into a car but as soon a candy, or even better a child’s favorite candy is introduced, this when put into context being a favorite actor, that is all the child sees and is blinded to whomever posses the candy, thus getting into the car. This in essence is basically the reaction of an obsessed fan when celebrities become involved in politics. If you really want to dissect the purpose for celebrities in politics, or celebrity endorsements in general you are able to create six different categories, establishing credibility, attracting attention, associative benefits, psychographic connection, demographic connection and mass appeal. What does this all mean? Absolutely nothing! All the reasons why celebrities are brought into an election are reasons that should be irrelevant to the voters. Most celebrities have never actually done any social work, some of them are unaware of what’s going on, in the past some celebrities have actually debated the ideals of another individual that was in there own party without actually knowing it. Up to now I have only been referring to actors as being celebrities but if we look it up in the dictionary, a celebrity is simply a famous person, renown fame. Doesn’t that mean a politician could in fact also be a celebrity? Yes,  Julius Caesar, Napoleon Bonaparte, Abraham Lincoln ,where politicians and celebrities in there own respect and got there fame from battles they won, world changing events they where part of. The difference between them and a modern day actors is they became famous for the things they did, it was who they where not a mask. But on the contrary this could also work against a politition, for instance Bill Clinton, we don’t remember him for being the president who sent the most troops into war ever or getting the United States out of a 250 billion dollar debt, no, the first thing that comes to mind when you hear Bill Clinton is Monica Lewinski. I’m not saying he didn’t do a lot of good things for the county Im just saying that’s what he got the most publicity for. All this time wasted just because they wanted to know if he lied. This is how celebrity gets in the way of politics, instead of speculating about impeaching the president for getting a blow job they should have been using there resources to gather more intelligence about terrorist activity in the middle east. At this time the president was no longer a polition, he was a celebrity, another Paris Hilton, instead of a tape it was a dress. Let’s face it though, when it comes to celebrities and politics. Celebrities are simply more entertaining. Who would you rather see in an interview, Sonny Perdue (Governor or Georgia) or The Rock.

Moral and learning development in children Essay

Moral and learning development in children - Essay Example According to Piaget, the moral makeup of a child is a product of his/her own conception and understanding of the world. This view is contrary to the conventional view that children are taught what is right and wrong by parents and teachers. While moral preaching inevitably goes on, children made moral judgments based on their own observations of their environment. Further, morality is a product of interaction with peers and authority figures do not influence it much. Key moral concepts like fairness, equality, justice and mutual reciprocity were all largely constructed through their interactions with other children. Moreover, as per Piaget’s definition of morality, contemporaneous social norms do not matter much to children, but instead morality comprises of universal, generic principles. Of course, while these tendencies are evident during early childhood, the nature of moral development matures and becomes more sophisticated as they grow up. Lawrence Kohlberg’s work m odifies and refines several of Piaget’s theses. Kohlberg noted that the moral evolution of children is a lot more gradual and complex than what Piaget had proposed. Kohlberg identified a total of six stages of moral development, grouped under three major levels. Each of these levels represents a fundamental shift in the social-moral understanding of the individual.

History Source based questions - Treaty Of Versailles Essay

History Source based questions - Treaty Of Versailles - Essay Example .I have personally no doubt that we will get everything that you can squeeze out of lemon, and a bit more. I propose that every bit of [German-owned] property, movable and immovable, in Allied and neutral countries, whether State property or private property should be surrendered by the Germans. The cartoonist is trying to tell us that the Treaty of Versailles would lead to another war. The four men in the foreground represent (from right to left) Woodrow Wilson, the President of the U.S, Georges Clemenceau, the Prime Minister of France, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, the Prime Minister of Italy and Lloyd George, the Prime Minister of Britain. These were the Big Four who drew up the Treaty of Versailles, which was signed by Germany in the Palace of Versailles near Paris on June 28, 1919. "The Tiger" refers to Clemenceau, who exercised powerful leadership with his slogan â€Å"I make war!† and became known as â€Å"The Tiger of France†. The cartoonist is suggesting the treaty was too harsh on Germany, because it severely punished it, forcing it to accept responsibility for causing World War I, and blackmailed the German government to sign the Treaty under threat of invasion by the Big Four; because of these biased impositions on the Germans, there will be another w ar in the future. The title of the cartoon suggests that the peace will result in "cannon fodder" in the future because the supposed-to-be ‘peace’ brought about by the Treaty of Versailles actually resulted in total humiliation heaped on Germany; the humiliation was too severe for it to withstand for long, and when it could stand it no more then German cannons would boom again (the cartoonist was right – it took just 22 years from the end of the First World War in 1917 to the beginning of the Second World War in 1939). Clemenceau’s words: â€Å"Curious! I seem to hear a child weeping!† shows that he (and the other 3 leaders of the Big Four) feel that Germany has got a fair deal

Primate Data Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Primate Data Project - Research Paper Example They have characteristics such as reddish brown hair, long arms and arboreal habits. Based on previous studies, gorillas have shown that they are derivatives of the ancient ancestors dated back to 14million years ago. Its ancestors are believed to be the ancestors of the African Apes and humans. The south Asian Siva Australopithecus and late Miocene (existed between 1200 and 900 million years back) share similarities, and they are also believed to the ancestors of the extant orangutan (Smith et al., 2010). Both primates share various characteristics such as being hairy and long arms that allow them to move from tree to tree (Smith et al., 2010). They also mostly found in places that have dense canopies. Differences between the two primates comes in the physical make up. The siamangs weigh approximately 25-30 pounds when they are fully grown. In terms of the feeding characteristics, they are omnivorous and they feed primarily on fruits and leaves. They also take nuts and at times they can consume small vertebrates. They have black hair in most cases. These primates are also protective of their young ones since they get involved a lot in rearing them. Orangunas weigh between 50-90 kilograms and they have throat sacs meant for vocalization. Their hair color is mostly reddish and shaggy. Their arms are longer than their legs and this facilitates swinging from canopy to canopy. Another unique feature is their enormous cheek pads. They feed on leaves and insects just like the siamangas. The two groups of animals were divided into separate groups then they were placed under observation. Each of these observations were then recorded on a table. What followed is the calculation of the percentage time for each activity. The time calculation involved the amount of time spent eating, eating or even moving around the place in which they were (Smith et al., 2010). Collection of the data also involved taking

Post-Tsunami Tourism in Thailand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Post-Tsunami Tourism in Thailand - Essay Example According to the research in the last decade, the tourism industry in Thailand has been growing and the UNWTO has observed that tourism will continue increasing in developing countries in future. Statistics show that Thailand is one amongst world’s 50 developing countries with tourism as the primary industry sourcing foreign exchange. Regarding tourist arrivals, Thailand is estimated to have 6.9 percent growth in tourist arrivals by the year 2020, having 37 million people visiting the country. It should be mentioned that this would be almost 10 percent of the entire Asia pacific tourism market. A major contributor to Thailand in terms of tourists is Malaysia which amounted up to approximately 12 percent in the year 2005. In 2004, a major break- in for the tourism industry of Thailand happened due to the Indian Ocean Tsunami which brought massive destruction at Thailand’s coast. This was caused by an earthquake in the region which recorded 9.0 in the Richter Scale. It is supposed to be the fourth largest earthquake in the history of the world. It has been documented that waves even up to a height of 13 meters were formed at the coasts of Phang Nga. More than 5300 people died and reports confirmed more than 250000 fatalities. This is considered to be the worst of all tsunamis regarding the destruction it caused. The natural disaster largely affected the tourism industry of the country. The damage was not only limited to the infrastructural loss, it had effects on the tourism arrivals and the safety concerns of the tourists. Additionally, the vulnerability of tourism as an economic and social system has been largely highlighted by the impacts of the disaster (Calgaro and Lloyd, 2008). The coastal communities which were dependent on tourism were largely affected. However, the connection between environmental changes and tourism with reference to its impacts on the community and on Thailand as a nation must be analyzed to understand this issue in depth . According to Cohen (2008), Thailand’s successful post-tsunami recovery is due to a group of factors, not only to the driving forces of the tourism industry. Yet, there are astonishingly very few studies on the effects of natural disasters on the tourism industry in spite of the reality that a large number of the world’s most prominent and thriving tourism areas are exposed to disastrous natural occurrences or societal problems. Thus, the objective of this essay is to critically analyze the impact of the tsunami on the tourism industry of Thailand. The essay identifies the connection between tourism and natural disasters and relates it to Thailand’s context. This is important as this connection would lead to insights about appropriate marketing strategies to minimize the negative impacts of natural disasters on the tourism industry. Tourism developments in Thailand after the tsunami are also being discussed in detail. Furthermore, the essay evaluates the cur rent tourism scenario in the country in the post-tsunami context and recommends suitable strategies to effectively restore Thailand’s popularity as a tourism destination. Natural Disasters and their Impacts on Tourism The Indian Ocean tsunami in December 2004 demonstrates the hazards of natural catastrophes to the tourism industry and tourism areas. As stated by Murphy and Bayley (1989, as cited in Gossling and Hall, 2006, 286): â€Å"Tourism can be significantly exposed to natural disasters, because of its attachment to high-risk areas with exotic scenery. The lure of snow-capped peaks brings the hazard of avalanches. Tropical beaches attract tourists to the potential paths of hurricanes...† Gossling and Hall (2006) explained that the above passage simply illustrates the truth that natural disasters are no restriction to the operations of the tourism industry. In contrast, the threats of natural catas

Psychological Approaches to Tackling Hate Crime Research Paper

Psychological Approaches to Tackling Hate Crime - Research Paper Example Such crimes are rooted in the prejudices of the people of every community, against the other communities. If the prejudice is uprooted, hate crimes will definitely be eliminated. Such a step can only be taken through psychological interventions at the personal and community level. Therefore, this paper evaluates hate crimes from the psychological perspective and recommends interventions that may prove helpful in eliminating the menace of hate crimes. Keywords: hate crime, race, sexual orientation, religion, community, psychology, contact theory, scapegoat theory, in-group, out-group Psychological Approaches to Tackling Hate Crime What Psychological Approaches, if any, are Effective at Tackling Hate Crime? Introduction: The motive behind most crimes is either materialistic gain, as in the case of thefts and robberies or pleasure, as in the case of sex offences. However, hate crimes seem to be perpetrated out of no such motives. According to the Association of Chief Police Officers, UK , hate crime is defined as â€Å"any criminal offence which is perceived, by the victim or any other person, to be motivated by a hostility or prejudice based on a person’s race, religion, sexual orientation or disability† (Home office).   In order to tackle hate crimes, many argue that the current laws and regulations should be amended and the penalties and punishments should be multiplied. On a personal level, I am of the opinion that mere alteration of laws and an increase in penalties would only be a â€Å"plaster and band-aid† solution to the problem at hand.  

The Teach for America helps the education reform Essay

The Teach for America helps the education reform - Essay Example ugh the TFA wants to make the best reforms for the American educational system, critics argue that the short duration training is not enough for the corps members. This has brought forth the debate as to whether or not the TFA is indeed making a positive change in the society or if it is making matters worse by giving students inexperienced teachers to guide them. Teach For America (TFA) is a non-profit organization that was founded in 1989 by Wendy Kopp. The organization operates on the motto: â€Å"One day, all children in this nation will have the opportunity to attain an excellent education† and is driven by its mission: â€Å"To eliminate educational inequality by enlisting high-achieving recent college graduates and professionals to teach for two years in low-income communities throughout the United States.† In its first year of operation, TFA recruited and placed 500 teachers in various schools across the nation. The number has risen by over 50% over the decades. As suggested in its mission; the TFA recruits college graduates and professionals to teach in urban and rural communities throughout the US for two consecutive years. The recruits are known as corps members, and they do not have to be certified teachers (Tulenko 20). The corps members in TFA are cheaper so that they will give pressure to the tenure teachers to improve teaching performances.  Most of the TFA corps members are fresh college graduates who are eager to make a change in the society. Majority of them are hoping that they will be in a position to help the underprivileged students form low income families to get better grades. Many of them are liable to hearsay about the training program offered by the TFA and how it is aimed at making positive educational reforms. They are also aware of the fact that they will be placed in jobs at various schools across their country. Unaware of the problems that they will encounter due to poor training, they enroll for the program. Once they have

The Blame Game Essay Example for Free

The Blame Game Essay When I think about law enforcement, the thoughts that come to mind are to protect and serve its citizens, its people, and the innocent. The Waco Siege is an example of what happens when Law Enforcement Agencies fail to do their most basic job, protect the innocent. The Waco tragedy could have been avoided if the Law Enforcement Agencies involved had done their job of protecting the innocent and did not make such catastrophic tactical errors. The Waco Siege began on February 28, and ended violently 50 days later on April 19, 1993. The siege began when the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) attempted to execute a search warrant at the Branch Davidian ranch at Mount Carmel. After the ATFs failed to execute the search warrant, a siege was begun by the Federal Bureau of Investigation which lasted 50 days, and ended when a second assault on the compound was made, and then fire engulfed the compound. Seventy-six people died in the fire, including more than 20 children and two pregnant women. As Peter Meyer points out, the mistakes began with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. The 51-day FBI siege of the Branch Davidian compound followed the killing of four ATF agents who were attempting to serve warrants on the occupants. According to Kate O’Beirne in her article â€Å"Waco II the Awful†, the committees found that the ATF could have avoided the killings: The agents in charge recklessly proceeded with the raid even though they knew they would encounter armed resistance. She further concluded that the ATFs entire investigation of Koresh and his followers for possible violations of federal gun laws was grossly incompetent. It is clear that the ATF wanted to mount a large- scale military raid (dubbed Showtime), with Koresh as the target (O’Beirne). The ATF sought special training in close-combat fighting from Army Special Forces two months before the bureau had probable cause for a warrant and before its undercover investigation had even begun. The agency rejected an offer by Koresh to permit an inspection of his compound (O’Beirne). The arrest warrant could have been served on Koresh when he left the compound, but ATF agents mistakenly believed that he rarely ventured out: The agents maintaining 24-hour surveillance from a house across the street didnt know what he looked like. The affidavits filed in support of the arrest and search warrants were riddled with false statements, outdated facts, and inflammatory, unsubstantiated charges of child abuse, which were outside the jurisdiction of the ATF anyway. When over 70 ATF agents, in commando gear complete with ski masks, arrived at the compound to execute their dynamic entry, the Davidians fired on them. The ATF had been expected. The agency had notified the media that something was to happen that weekend, and a TV cameraman in need of directions sought the assistance of a local who happened to be a Koresh in-law. He headed straight to the compound. The agents in charge dismissed an ATF undercover agents warning that Koresh knew of the raid (Abrams). Nobody at the ATF has been held accountable for these gross errors in judgment and subsequent lies during a criminal investigation. Two senior raid commanders were fired following an internal investigation, but they were rehired two months later, with back pay and attorneys fees, after complaining through the civil-service system. Suspicions linger that they were rehired, in nonsupervisory roles, to prevent them from making embarrassing disclosures about the agency. In his article The Waco Disaster, David Kopel states that Congress investigated the FBIs actions, too. The committees found that the FBI had failed to appreciate that the pressure on the Davidians bonded them all the more closely and reinforced Koreshs apocalyptic vision of their fate. While FBI negotiators held out hope that a peaceful resolution was possible, the agents became increasingly frustrated with the delays. One FBI behavioral-science expert counseled patience in a series of memos to headquarters, until he learned that his superiors werent pleased with the tone of his advice: They felt it was tying their hands. According to the article â€Å"Waco Revisited,† the author notes, that the FBI agent in charge at Waco testified that the reason the feds eventually turned off the electricity in the compound was that â€Å"cold and wet FBI personnel† resented the presumed comforts of the Davidians. The agents testimony indicated that the decision to mount the tear-gas assault was the result of their weariness and frustration; they were â€Å"tired and ticked off. † Every reason the FBI gave as necessitating the siege dissolved on close inspection. There was no evidence that Koresh was planning a violent breakout; the hostage-rescue team didnt have to stand down for training for another two weeks; other law-enforcement personnel could have relieved them and guarded the perimeter; and there was no evidence that children in the compound were in immediate jeopardy. The initial assault (Plan A), involving the slow and incremental injection of tear gas by tanks into the compound, was undertaken at 6:02 in the morning. When this non-assault was met with gunfire, Plan B went into effect at 6:07. Over the next six hours, tear gas was inserted into every portion of the compound, while the buildings were dismantled. There was no Plan C (Meyer). Elliott Abrams argues, that the FBI failed to acknowledge the fact that CS gas was banned for battlefield use by 100 nations or that it could make victims incapable of evacuating the area, according to an army field manual. Clearly, FBI officials had miscalculated the Davidians reactions to the gas-and-tank assault, and failed to provide fire protection at the scene. The Waco Tragedy has become the most controversial law enforcement operation in modern American history. Although the official investigation of the incident now places all of the blame for the carnage on the Branch Davidian leader, David Koresh, numerous crimes by government agents were never seriously investigated or prosecuted. If those crimes go unpunished, the Waco incident will leave an odious precedent that Law Enforcement Agents can use the color of their office to commit crimes against citizens.

Arguments For And Against Use Of Precedent Law Essay

Arguments For And Against Use Of Precedent Law Essay One very important element of the law in the United Kingdom is the precedent. The precedent is a  legal case  establishing a principle or rule that a  court  or other judicial body may utilize when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or  facts.  [1]  These decisions can be used as a map to help the judges navigate through the English legal system. Despite the fact that the precedent can be very useful in the English law in some special cases it can only make things more difficult and it can lead to false results. Generally it is argued that the precedent introduces unnecessary rigidity into the law, thereby preventing legal doctrine from developing as society develops. The first thing that we should consider is why this is happening. To examine this issue we should first start from the meaning of the word >. The word precedent refers to an action that has already happened and that could be argued to be the greatest disadvantage of the precedent. Judges that use precedent to help them make their decision are heavily basing the result of the trial on a decision that was made a lot of years ago and thats the most important problem. Especially when we talk about cases that happened hundred years ago its unorthodox to use them as guidance in modern cases. The reason is that through the years the way that people act and think is changed and something that was radical in 1900 can turn into something normal in 2011. Also we can see that modern society develops and with it the law develops too. So mod ern law cant always be compatible with old decisions. Finally one more issue that rises is that we cant be certain about the thinking of the judge that took the final decision in an older trial or about the reasons and the circumstances under which he took his decision. In addition the application of precedent may sometimes cause injustice. The overruling of an earlier case may cause injustice to those who have ordered their affairs in reliance on it. Precedent may produce justice in an individual case but injustice in the generality of cases. It would be undesirable to treat a number of claimants unjustly simply because one binding case had laid down an unjust rule. The use of precedent also has as a result to limit the development of the law. The doctrine of stare decisis is a limiting factor in the development of the law made by judges. Practical law is founded on experience but the scope for further experience is restricted if the first case is binding. Moreover it could be said is that there are too many precedents resulting to the loss of time and money and sometimes leading to confusion due to the large number of cases that should be considered. The citation of authority in court should be kept within reasonable bounds because it can be costly in terms of time and money. Also Lord Diplock has warned of the danger of so blinding the court with case law that it has difficulty in seeing the wood of legal principle for the trees of paraphrase. In order to avoid all those consequences the House of Lords has decided that it will not allow transcripts of unreported judgments of the Court of Appeal, civil division, to be cited before the House except with its leave. Finally one more disadvantage of the precedent is that it makes the law inflexible. The case-law method is sometimes said to be flexible. However a judge is not so free where there is a binding precedent. Unless it can be distinguished he must follow it, even though he dislikes it or considers it bad law. His discretion is thereby limited and the alleged flexibility of case law becomes rigidity. Judges are forced to apply binding precedents that blocks them from making a new decision about a case. This action introduces an unnecessary rigidity on case-law that doesnt allow for the law to develop. One great example that the precedent cant be used in certain cases can be found at the case of R v R [1992] 1 AC 599. In this case a husband appealed against his conviction of the attempted rape of his wife. The defense of the husband supported that a husband cannot be guilty of rape upon his lawful wife because of the marriage contract. Upon marriage the wife consents to her husbands exercise of his marital rights. They based their defense on case law using : Hale, History of the Pleas of the Crown, 1st ed. (1736), vol. 1, ch. 58, p. 629; Archbold, Pleading and Evidence in Criminal Cases, 1st ed. (1822), p. 259; Rex v. Audley (Lord) (1631) 3 St.Tr. 401;  Reg. v. Cogan [1976] Q.B. 217  and  Reg. v. Kowalski (1987) 86 Cr.App.R. 339 The wifes consent could only be withdrawn in certain circumstances, such as her death, or if the marriage was avoided by a private Act of Parliament, a separation order (see  Rex v. Clarke [1949] 2 All E.R. 448), a decree nisi (see  Reg. v. OBrien (Edward) [1974] 3 All E.R. 663), an undertaking (see  Reg. v. Steele (1976) 65 Cr.App.R. 22), a deed of separation (see  Reg. v. Roberts [1986] Crim.L.R. 188), or a family protection order (see Reg. v. S. (unreported), 15 January 1991, which did not follow  Reg. v. Sharples [1990] Crim.L.R. 198). As none of those factors existed, the appellants immunity was not lost by what happened between his wife and himself. Accordingly he should not be tried for or convicted of rape. However appeal was dismissed. Overturning the principle set out in Hales History of the Pleas of the Crown (1736), that a wife irrevocably consented to sexual intercourse with her husband on marriage, their Lordships confirmed that the assumption was no longer applicable in modern times when marriage was viewed as a partnership of equals. The  Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976 s.1(1)  defined rape as unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman who at the time of the intercourse does not consent to it. Th eir Lordships rejected submissions that unlawful meant outside the bond of marriage. It was unrealistic to describe extramarital sexual intercourse as unlawful, particularly as unlawful normally meant contrary to some law or enactment or without lawful justification or excuse. The word unlawful was superfluous in the context of s.1(1). The husband was guilty of attempting to have sexual intercourse with his wife against her will contrary to s.1(1) of the 1976 Act. On the other hand despite the fact that precedent has some disadvantages it also has a lot of advantages because in its favor, the use of precedent is said to bring certainty to the law by enabling people to know how issues will be resolved in the future. At first with the use of precedent people are aware of the law and its consequences and they can predict with exactitude their penalties if they make any unlawful actions and they can avoid them by knowing that its illegal and that they will receive a penalty. Also the precedent is a convenient timesaving device. If a problem has already been answered and solved it is natural that a similar case will reach the same conclusion. The judges can use the precedent to deal with minor offences that came to the jury and that will save a lot of time so that they can deal with more cases in a smaller time period. One of the most important advantages resulting from the use of precedent is that it gives greater certainty in the law and helps the judges to avoid mistakes. The existence of a precedent may prevent a judge making a mistake that he might have made if he had been left on his own without any guidance. Generally the precedent is a very important tool for the judges. When they face a difficult case they can search for similar cases in the past and see what decisions were made. That can help them make a decision and be sure that their decision was lawful and fair. In addition the use of precedent prevents injustice. The doctrine of precedent may serve the interests of justice. It would be unjust to reach a different decision in a following case. Everyone should be equal against the law. In order to realize this we should all be judged as equals and receive the same penalties for the same crimes. The precedent helps with that because the decision is taken based on a previous decision for a similar or same crime. That helps the judges and works like a guidance to help them make right decisions. Also it ensures impartiality of judge. The interests of justice also demand impartiality from the judge. This may be assured by the existence of a binding precedent, which he must follow unless it is distinguishable. If he tries to distinguish an indistinguishable case his attempt will be obvious. Judges that are not loyal to their duty are easy to be corrupted and make decisions that are in favor of one part. The use of precedent helps to limit the pheno menon of corruption of the judges and it ensures a fair legal system. Judges cant make decision and penalties out of their minds. They should follow the precedent if it is binding or if they have worries about taking a decision. Every radical attempt to support one side at the expense of another would be obvious and would be stopped. Finally one more great advantage is that it offers opportunities to develop the law. The making of law in decided cases offers opportunities for growth and legal development, which could not be provided by Parliament. The courts can more quickly lay down new principles, or extend old principles, to meet novel circumstances. A wealth of cases illustrative of a vast number of the principles of English law has built up over the centuries. The cases exemplify the law in the sort of detail that could not be achieved in a long code of the Continental type. The precedent give the opportunity to review old decisions and from reform or create new laws that are representing better the modern time. The use of precedent can become very useful for the judges and is obvious through the case of C v DPP [1995] 2 All ER 43. In that case a boy which was at the age of 12 at the time of the offence appealed against the Queens Bench Division ruling (Times, March 30, 1994; [1994] 3 W.L.R. 888) that the presumption that children aged 10-14 were doli incapax (incapable of committing a crime) no longer applied because the court believed that the common law presumption was superseded and against the public interest. In that case the appeal was allowed because the court believed that except the the actus reus and the mens rea the prosecution must adduce additional evidence to prove the minor knew that what he was doing was not merely naughty but seriously wrong. Especially the court added that proof that the minor had done the acts charged could not per se establish that he had guilty knowledge, however bad the acts. The additional evidence must be obtained from a witness who knew the minor we ll, by interviewing the minor or by psychiatric examination. In para 8.4 of Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public (1990, Cm 965) the government approved the presumption on the grounds that allowance must be made for childrens developing faculties. To change the law by judicial ruling would be inadvisable because Parliament had rejected the opportunity to clarify a known difficulty. Its obvious especially in this trial that the precedent played a very important role in order to reach justice. It was clearly visible that the decision of the court was merely wrong. During the trial, the presumption that children aged 10-14 were doli incapax that means that they were incapable of committing a crime was not taken into account and this mistake led them to a false and unfair decision. The appellant mentioned this mistake and appealed against their decision because it was obvious that it was wrong. This case is a very good example of what happens if during a trial the judge decides or forgets to apply a decision because he judged differently than previous people have judged. In conclusion, the precedent as was firstly argued is a very important and useful tool for the English law. It may have some disadvantages but however problematic we may find the use of precedent in many occasions it can be really helpful in order for justice to come to light. It sometimes prevents legal doctrine from developing as society develops and introduces an unnecessary rigidity but its obvious that its use brings certainty to the law by enabling people to know how issues will be resolved in the future. We cant just decide that the use of precedent should be stopped or should be continued because no matter what its disadvantages are it also has a lot of advantages that have been proved really helpful in everyday life.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Essays Papers

Animal Farm This remarkable book was written by George Orwell, whose real name is Eric Blair, and it is about the lives of farm animals who rebel against humans. The animals live on Manor Farm and are owned by Mr. Jones, who always seems to be drunk. The leader of the animals was an old pig named Old Major who one day had a dream about being free from the oppression of man. One evening, Old Major assembled the animals of Manor Farm and talked to them about how they live hard, short lives in slavery to the humans and that they should rebel and become free. Old Major got the idea from a song which came to him in a dream, Beasts of England, that was sung when he was a young pig. The song talked about the animals being free one day. No one knew when the rebellion that Old Major talked about would happen, especially after Old Major died three days after the meeting. The pigs, who were the smartest of the animals, picked the two most pre-eminent pigs to assume the leadership role that Old Major left. The two pigs names were Snowball and Napoleon. These two pigs got together and organized all of Old Major’s thoughts into a system called Animalism. This was taught at night during secret meetings that were held in the big barn and the animals slowly learned it. Then one midsummer’s eve, the animals rebelled against Mr. Jones and his men because they had not been fed the whole day. This was not a planned attack, but the animals succeeded and kicked Mr. Jones and his men out. The animals were free. The next morning the animals set up rules, The Seven Commandments, and changed the name of the farm from Manor Farm to Animal Farm. Then the animals went out in the field to gather the hay and did it more quickly than Jones and his men ever did. It was also the biggest harvest they had ever seen because there was absolutely no waste. Boxer, a large horse, was a great asset to the animals because he worked as hard as three horses put together and he kept pushing himself harder and harder. The animals heard that Jones might return and try to recapture the farm, so the animals started preparing for an attack.

Wordsworth, Social Reform Literature, and Politics of the 1790s Essay

Wordsworth, Social Reform Literature, and Politics of the 1790s The historical mix of social fictions in England and France at the end of the 1780s greatly impacted the literature of the period. Tom Paine's The Rights of Man (1791) and Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France (1791) were the two most widely read works that spurred a decade long debate on how the nation of England was to be governed and by whom. As a young man during this period, William Wordsworth formed part of the circle of writers who fought for the Republican cause of democracy and its ideals. Similar to the poet William Cowper, Wordsworth's early poetry contributed to a larger framework of social reform literature that the publisher Joseph Johnson promoted throughout his career from the late 1770s until his death in 1809. Some of Wordsworth's early prose works mark what he was to later reflect upon in his poem, "Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye During a Tour, 13 July 1798". "Tintern Abbey" reminds Wordsworth's readers of the solitude and "sad perplexity" (61) that its author experiences five years after his dreams of a democratic republic and love for Annette Vallon are dashed by France's Reign of Terror and war with England. He recounts: Five years have passed; five summers, with the length Of five long winters! . . . . . . . And so I dare to hope, Though changed, no doubt, from what I was when first I bounded o'er these hills, . . . Flying from something that he dreads than one Who sought the thing he loved. (1-2, 66-67, 72-73)[1] "Tintern" suggests Wordsworth's wish to move beyond the sentiments and views he once held, as reflected in his unpublishe... ... a friend of Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Priestley, and Horne Tooke; Mary Wollstonecraft listened to Price's occasional political sermons, and was influenced by his view that all people were entitled to equal education. Todd, Janet. Mary Wollstonecraft: A Revolutionary Life. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2000: 59-61. 4. Edmund Burke. Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), in, Paul Keen, (ed. compiler). Reading (at) the Limit of the Bourgeois Public Sphere. Burnaby: Simon Fraser University Publishing, 1999: 145. 5. Ibid, 147. 6. Tom Paine is referring to William the Conqueror, quoted by E. P. Thompson in, The Making of the English Working Class. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd., 1963: 94-95. 7. Ibid, 94. 8. Christopher Hill. "The Norman Yoke," in Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution Revisited. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997: 361.

My Home :: Descriptive Essay Examples, narrative

My Home    Each year millions of dollars are spent on therapy because people want to re-live their childhood. These people discover late in life that childhood was the time period where the most meaningful parts of life were. Things from our past don't just fade away, they are part of us, and most people greatly miss them weather they know it or not. My most meaningful place is my parents' house because it is a symbol of reliving my childhood, indulging in good times, and just plain feeling at home.    Childhood is the time in life where personality traits are formed and memories haven't yet taken a sentimental feeling. Now that those times are gone, I remember running through the neighborhood with my friends and many other happy times where I knew I was having fun. The time my brother and I were playing hockey in my living room was fun. It was a friendly game, and we even had the cushions form the couch set up so nothing would get broken. Little did we know one stray puck would have us replacing drywall at 11:30 PM so our parents wouldn't see it, but, like everything else, we did it because it was enjoyment. My theory on life is, in order for something to be meaningful, you have to want it. I don't always want the irresponsible times of discovery that were my childhood back, but I do strive for the feelings I had toward life when I was there. Having a pleasant attitude all the time may not be possible this day in age, but I know it's a good feeling when you can. I can recall these memories at any time, but they are especially present when I am at my home. It's not just because most of these things took place while I was at home, but because I actually feel like I can do everything again while I am there. In this aspect, my parents' home is a giant playground of memories with every toy I can imagine.    I don't live far from this home. I've decided to make it a habit to visit every Sunday with the rest of my siblings that have moved on. I recall lots of fighting when we were children. We weren't dysfunctional or anything, but like most families, the children argued.

Three in the Middle: the Experience of Making Change

Micro Switch, founded in 1937 and acquired by Honeywell Inc. in 1950, is a division that has long been known as an innovative industry leader in switches, sensors and manual controls. During the transition from electro-mechanical to electronic and solid state, Micro Switch enlisted the assistance of 49 year Honeywell employee to maintain their competitive edge within an ever changing market. With an internal shake up intended to preserve the organization’s reputation, as well as improve their downward decline, middle managers are left to ponder if â€Å"something had gone wrong, or as this the way a successful change was supposed to feel† (Lenan, Stone, 2008, pg. 194, para. 1). Case Summary and Problem Definition Economic issues began arising during the switch from electro-mechanical to electronic and solid state during the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. The apparent regression was in full force by 1985 and it took two years of plummeting for Micro Switch to enlist the help of Ramon â€Å"Ray† Alvarez in 1897. Alvarez had created a significant track record for himself and thus reinforced this decision. He had not only been a Honeywell employee for 49 years, but also a history of turning around two other Honeywell divisions. Alvarez developed a three year plan to not only reignite Micro Switch’s competitive edge, but to also facilitate performance excellence. Despite his reputation for being psychologically intimidating, Alvarez was able to move cautiously enough in the beginning to gain support from senior managers, but did not necessarily set the tone for factory workers and lower level employees. In this three year plan, Alvarez devised three different strategies to go about achieving this mission. First was to create a mission statement as well as a new vision: â€Å"growth through quality solutions to customer needs† (Lenan, Stone, 2008, pg. 194, para 3). Second, was to establish a scrupulous annual strategic planning process that allowed Micro Switch to become more competitive, quicker to respond, and monetarily savvy. Third was the development of APEX, Achieve Performance Excellence, a model that would not only act as the focal point of this change, but would allow Alvarez to continue to fine tune Micro Switch’s strategies during later years. In its first year APEX was intended to encourage nearly 4,000 employees that the change was an urgent matter, and increasingly more necessary than ever before. APEX focused on giving employees specific ways to strive for quality and distinction by creating an employee suggestion system, as well as awards for employees that met performance objectives. Quality and performance was the heart of this transition and by 1990, APEX became much more sophisticated. The Building Block Councils was developed during this time and was comprised of an arrangement of committees and councils. Their primary objective was to encourage division wide involvement in a variety of strategic areas by creating six councils that implemented new standards to their designated area. These areas were the customer satisfaction council, quality council, goals council, awareness council, training council, and recognition council. Upon reading the observations of three high level managers who also served as chairs on many of the new councils, it becomes evident that the plan brought forth by Ray Alvarez in fact had many short comings. The first three year plan focused on symptoms not actual problem and according to Rick Rowe, another Micro Switch director, â€Å"the easy changes had already been made. Now the company had to tackle deeply ingrained behaviors and processes which were holding the division back from reaching its goals† (Lenan, Stone, 2008, pg. 200). Alvarez in many ways, did not focus on separating immediate symptoms from the actual underlying problems. Focusing on symptoms may achieve more approval in the beginning, but this will begin to dissipate once people realize that the basic core problem never went away. As indicated above, Alvarez did an exceptional job announcing the change, implementing APEX, and encouraging division wide involvement through Building Block Councils. That being said, the Building Block Councils focused around middle and higher level managers, not lower level employees, and thus lower level employees were not immediately included in the process. This would later change as Deb Massof, a new director brought on by Alvarez and often seen as an outsider, tirelessly attempted to encourage employee involvement. Massof’s initial utcasting was the symptom of an underlying culture clash problem that should have been dealt with right away. When trying to have meetings to get employees involved in the strategic planning process, Massof asserts that she just got blank stares from employees. Lower level employees should have been informed that some things were going to change; according to Massof’s account, it appears as though no one ever actually told them they w ould be doing away with the top down approach. This may have been hindrance in this situation. If this change had been formally communicated, just by some employees hearing this, their involvement and productivity may have increased significantly. Due to the fact that prior to Alvarez, Micro Switch operated under a top-down bureaucratic management structure, and he should have considered that Micro Switch had likely attracted employees that had not only accepted this, but became increasingly comfortable with that approach, as well. However, they did not anticipate this, and this led to a great deal of resistance to the change itself. Massof has indicated that she was eventually successful in developing cross functional business teams, but states that initially thinking independently was exceptionally unusual for nearly all of the employees and most of them couldn’t even comprehend why they were being pressed to do so. Communication of expectations and really communication in general could have improved the efficiency of this situation vastly and could have got lower level employees on board a lot quicker. Case and point, Massof stated that in July of 1990, her unit completed their second strategic plan with no complaining, and brought a â€Å"new level of skill and detail to the task† (Lenan, Stone, 2008, pg. 202, para. 3). In addition to this, they were also able to establish benchmarks during their second strategic plan. Measurability is an essential aspect of the change process and yet Ellis Stewart, another Micro Switch director, indicated that his team felt as though they were not able to see any of their progress despite their efforts. What we need is some growth to take advantage of all the work we’ve done† (Lenan, Stone, 2008, pg. 204, para. 2). Due to the fact that Stewart’s business unit had not established any benchmarks, short term goals, or measurability to illustrate short term wins, they had trouble maintaining motivation and upholding morale. The next underlying problem is the lack of direction. According to Massof, â€Å"I do think people want to change. They do want to do good. But they’re real frustrated at not knowing what to change† (Leban, Stone, 2008, pg. 200). Without actually saying it, Massof illustrated that there really was not a fruitful plan set in place, let alone one that included employees in the planning stages. Alvarez did a wonderful job creating a sense of urgency with Micro Switch directors, establishing a vision, and goals. The fundamental problem lied not within the â€Å"why† part, the â€Å"why† part was clearly understood. Rather, the main issue is that lower level employees were not steered in the right direction and obviously were not an integral part of the change process as they didn’t even understand what they needed to change. Starting with why is of course important, but the â€Å"what† aspect, arguably just as important if not more, is what actually sets people in the right direction. The next core problem is that the change implemented was not small and manageable. During Massof first 18 months with Micro Switch her highest priority in her business unit was â€Å"making up for fifteen years of no investment and no new products†¦ to compensate for years of neglect; and to start drawing people into both the revitalization process and daily operations in ways they had never done before† (Leban, Stone, 2008, pg. 01). This is hardly what one would consider a small manageable change; Massof’s business unit didn’t even understand their own customers anymore. In addition, there was no use of a project manager or consultants to help them with market research, and thus no one to keep them on track and remind of what the goal actually was. Trying to gain support for the culture shift was a large problem during the change process, and although Alvarez often encouraged autonomy, this was not always the case. The new and improved Micro Switch was expected to perform with a sense of urgency and thus work was expected to be not only that of high quality, but done as quickly as possible. Ellis Stewart, head of Building Block Council on Training, swiftly and efficiently developed a new employee training program known as APEX College, and was reprimanded for â€Å"acting without authorization. † For change to be successful it is imperative there are no wavering expectations and mixed signals being sent and authority must be given with responsibility. Review Alternative Courses of Action, Make Recommendations, and Implement Listed previously in the section above, are ten evident problems and in this section, each problem will be lumped together based on similar underlying issues into five categories, reiterated and then recommendations will be made. 1. The initial focus was placed on symptoms not problems. Changes were not small and manageable. Lack of project manager, etc. Focusing on underlying problems is a crucial step in the change process. Many organizations, who aim to change aspects of their business whether it is internally or externally, tend to focus on the symptoms because of their obviousness. Although as stated previously, tending to symptoms may gain more initial acceptance and approval, the change will fall short in the end as the realization that nothing actually changed, sets in. My recommendation is to dig deep and not look for a â€Å"band-aid† solution, but rather one that tackles deep rooted issues. I also think in this situation, bringing in outside assistance would be increasingly prudent. Analysts, project managers, and other like professionals generally have the ability to point out core, fundamental issues that have either been ignored or simply not accepted by the organization. Meaning that, many organizations suffer from certain issues that become the big elephant in the room that no one talks about, or it’s an elephant that only lower level employees see, but cannot point out due to the organization’s management style. In the case at hand, it seems as though nearly all of Micro Switch employees didn’t even realize many of the issues because they weren’t expected to, and thus because no one questioned it, it was never brought to anyone’s attention. This is precisely why I feel an outsider, who is actually hired and contracted to provide a service that points the underlying problems out would be extremely useful. . Communication was poor and employees were not told the culture was going to change. Employees were not actually an integral part of the change process, despite announcements stating otherwise. The tone of the change process was set, but employees had no direction. (What should be changed what shouldn’t). Lack of Clear Expectations. Communication is essential in many areas of life, and businesses are certainly not the exception. A successful change requires buy-in from staff, and this includes all differing levels of employees understanding their roles. In this case, my first recommendation would be to inform employees of how Micro Switch used to operate, very top down. By Alvarez simply assuming that employees knew that Micro Switch had previously operated under a Theory X type of management structure, he set a number of the employees within the organization up to fail before they could succeed. In some instances, this can be helpful, but in business when time is of the essence and truly invaluable, the stumble that occurred could have been prevented. The next step would be to illustrate what the new Micro Switch structure would look like. This is what is used to be, this what we’re changing, and these are the expectations, type of deal. Now, these things are important notions to communicate, but role understanding is where Micro Switch actually began to see a lot of issues. If employees do not understand what they need to be changing, what their roles are, and what the expectations are, then the change cannot be implemented. Lastly, this should all be communicated verbally, and in writing. Each employee should receive a packet of information and be briefed over and over again about the upcoming changes. After it is made exceptionally clear, each employee should sign a waiver of sorts, indicating that they understand not only why the change is taking place, but more importantly, what their role is in the process, what is going to change, and what the expectations are related to their own job duties. Delegating tasks to help employees during this process is crucial, and therefore communication does not need to be administered by just one individual. Having a plan and communicating that plan would help Micro Switch in terms of efficiency and gaining approval at a quicker rate. 3. Resistance to the culture change imposed was not anticipated in advance. Massof indicated that Micro Switch was in a time warp and their extreme resistant to change was deeply ingrained in Micro Switch’s culture. Resistance in contrast, to the previous issue listed above, is something that should have been assumed. In this case, my recommendation again, begins with communication. Considering the employees’ perspective and asking them until face to face is a question that should be tackled initially to help develop a plan to fill in perception gaps. Resistance is not always a bad thing and in the case at hand, anticipating this could have helped Alvarez really communicate what was going to be changed, thus making the implementation process a lot smoother. After this, tracking perception is vital and although Alvarez attempted to have employee feedback system, it did function in an efficient manner. Not a great deal of information was give about the system, which leads me to believe that it was not very thought out. Resistance can be caused by a lack of understanding, not necessarily disapproval and this proved to be true in this case. 4. Lack of measurability. In any change, measurability is a key factor. My recommendation would be to create project goals and use the scorecard approach. Alvarez did a great job dealing with education, but only dealt with part of the performance aspects. The development of APEX should just be starting point, but how will Micro Switch know if it’s successful if it’s not measured and tested. I would also implement short term goals to prevent loss in momentum, as stated by Ellis previously, employees at all levels need to see growth. This is illustrated through measurability. 5. Lack of authority with responsibility Successful change must be driven by support from top management, involve employees and project managers. I would begin by using a combination of Change Theories E and O thus accepting the paradox between hard side of change and the soft side change. Alvarez left a lot of gaps in his plan, and most his plan involved the softer, internal side of the organization. This issue ties a lot into communication, clear guidelines, and concise expectations; however, it is still important mention on its own due to the account given earlier by Stewart. Follow-up and Evaluate In order to evaluate this process, I would focus primarily on the balanced scorecard approach. This strategic management system enables organizations to focus on their vision, strategy and their measurement. Balanced scorecards also offer a structure for communicating how employees are expected to execute the strategy. Micro Switch employees at various levels felt they had nothing to show for their work. This technique could have cleared up a lot of confusion during the Micro Switch change and increased their efficiency exponentially. In addition to the clarity provided, this system would also illustrate their progress in tangible terms. This process includes four different areas of measurement, financial, customer, internal operations, and learning and growth. Therefore, this measurement system should satisfy the needs of employees at various levels and shareholders well, because as its title indicates, it’s well balanced. This approach indicates that although financial measurements are of extreme importance, they cannot take the place of intangible assets. Following the guidelines of the balanced scorecard approach from this point, I would make the strategy explicit, choose the measures, define and refine, and deal with people. Once these have been established, the work needs to be divided up into two interfaces, differentiation and integration. Differentiation refers to the degree of similarity or difference represented by the design of the work units†¦the way an organization coordinates the work across work-units is the integration† (Lenan, Stone, 2008, pg. 66). Conclusion Although Alvarez did implement some great ideas during the beginning of his time at Micro Switch, the shakeup led many middle managers to ponder if something had gone wrong. In the end, it’s not necessarily that anything implemented had gone array, but rather that there were many gaps in the planning that needed to be filled in. Initially, this wasn’t as evident but as excitement began to dissipate and employees struggled to understand what their new roles were within the organization, the holes in the plan became clearly evident. Developing APEX set Micro Switch on the right track, but left a lot to be desired with the way things were handled (or not handled) internally. By merely adding communication, a project manager, goals, and measurements, Micro Switch employees at various levels would have likely felt a lot more optimistic with the end result.

Network Design in Supply Chain

18. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin MANUFACTURER OR DISTRIBUTOR STORAGE WITH CUSTOMER PICKUP 18. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin MANUFACTURER OR DISTRIBUTOR STORAGE WITH CUSTOMER PICKUP ? Inventory is stored at the distributor or manufacturer ? Orders are shipped to designated pickup points where customers come and pick up their order 18. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin MANUFACTURER OR DISTRIBUTOR STORAGE WITH CUSTOMER PICKUP ? Cost factors ? Inventory; is low, aggregation at the manufacturer or distributor ? Transportation is lowest when using package carrier due to aggregation at pickup locations Facility and handling; facility costs are high if pick-up location does not exist already. Handling costs at pickup locations are high. ? Information system; More elaborative and sophisticated, extra system at the pickup locations. ? Service factors ? Response times; comparable to delivery with package carriers ? Customer experience; worse since customer has to pickup the item himself. On the other hand, since custo mer do not need to wait at home for delivery and customer can pay cash at the pickup location instead of paying online in advance, some customers may like pickup option better. Time to market is similar to other options with manufacturer storage ? Order visibility is very important. Customers should be informed when their orders arrive. ? Returns are easier to handle at pickup location. Returns can be aggregated and shipped back from pickup locations. 18. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin RETAIL STORAGE WITH CUSTOMER PICKUPS ? Inventories are stored in retail stores, customers walk into the store to pick the items they want or items they have ordered online or by phone. Mixed order placement options. Most traditional option. 8. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin RETAIL STORAGE WITH CUSTOMER PICKUPS ? Cost Factors ? Inventory costs are higher than other options as the inventories are disaggregated and held locally ? Transportation costs are lower than other solutions. Inexpensive modes can be used to reple nish inventories at retail outlets. ? Facility costs are high. Many local facilities. ? Information system; Minimal if there is no online ordering option. For online option more complex information system especially for order visibility. ? Service Factors Response times are very good. Same day pickup for most products. ? Product variety is lower than other options. ? Product availability is costly to keep high. ? Customer experience depends on if the customer likes to shop or not. ? Time to market is highest. ? Order visibility is important if online ordering is allowed. ? Returns can be handled at the stores easily. 18. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin E-BUSINESS AND THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ? Impact of E-Business on Customer Service ? Response time; For product that can be downloaded very fast.For physical products takes longer to fulfill an order than regular retail stores. ? Product variety; easier to offer variety than brick-and-mortar store. (Amazon; imagine the retail store with the sa me variety offered by Amazon) ? Product availability; Better information gathering and forecasting. Better mach between supply and demand, improved product availability. ? Customer experience; ? ? ? Access; 24 hour access. Geographically eliminating the access limits. Customization; customization of product and shopping experience. Dell, Amazon – displays related products) Convenience; Making the purchase at where you are.. Increased speed of conducting business. (e. g. Use of previous data for address info) ? Time to market; Fast. A new product can be made available as soon as a the first unit is ready. Dell exploits this feature. ? Order visibility; Critical to provide. Internet makes this happen. ? Returnability; Harder issue compared to traditional stores since items are sent from a central location usually. More returns with online purchases. 18. 12. 2011Fusun Ulengin E-BUSINESS AND THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ? Impact of E-Business on Customer Service ? Other benefits of e -business ? ? ? 18. 12. 2011 Enhanced revenues for manufacturers by eliminating intermediaries and having direct contact with customer. Dell v. s. HP. Flexible pricing, promotion and product portfolio ? Airline last-minute low cost seat, Dell’s ability of dynamic pricing depending on the component availability and demand. Efficient fund transfers; Quicker and cheaper. Fusun Ulengin E-BUSINESS AND THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK Impact of E-Business on Cost ? Inventory; Better mach of supply and demand, geographical aggregation lowers inventories. Ability of postponement also helps reducing inventory costs. ? Facilities and Handling ? ? ? ? Less and centralized facilities, fewer intermediaries lower facility cost. E-business can reduce the handling costs in order fulfillment by having the customer do some part of the process, e. g. checking product availability, entering details of the order. Smoothing the rate of order fulfillment, thus reducing the resource requirements.Unlike the retail stores orders don’t have to be processed as soon as they arrive. On the downside, for some products like groceries, an e-business has to carry out some tasks currently performed by the customers at retail stores. E. g. Picking the items customer wants and carrying home. ? Transportation; Usually higher cost due to increased outbound transportation costs. For downloadable products, significantly less transportation cost. ? Information; Shared demand information, better coordination and collaboration reduces the overall supply chain costs.The cost of setting up the information system required can be significant. 18. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin E-BUSINESS AND THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ? The value that e-business brings is not the same in every industry. ? Dell; a success story while Webvan is a failure ? E-business-Scorecard can be used to help decide if e- business is appropriate for your business, how it effects your distribution network in costs and customer services. ? All the costs and customer service factors are given a integer score from +2 (very positive) to -2(very negative) 18. 12. 2011 Fusun Ulengin

The Movie: Flicka

Flicka Flicka is a heart wrenching movie about the love of family, nature, and horses. This movie shows you the summer of a ranchers daughter. Katy McLauglin (Alison Lohman) is the teenage daughter of a horse rancher who is looking to hand over the reins of the family business. While her family is on the ranch, Katy is studing at a private school feeling like her own kind of misfit. One day, while out riding, Katy finds a beautiful black mustang and instantly feels an emotional connection with the wild horse.Katy begs her father, Rob McLaughlin (Tim McGraw), to let her keep the animal but he is convinced that the mustang would be bad for both his thoroughbred horses and his daughter. But Katy is certain she can break the strong-willed mustang and make her a champion. Katy then names her Flicka, a name meaning † beautiful, young girl†. As she struggles to tame the headstrong Flicka, she also tries to prove to her father that she knows horses as well as he does and that she 's every bit as capable of running the ranch as her brother. The fight for respect and the love of an animal will make you want a ranchers life.And a beautiful horse named Flicka. Flicka shows you the journey that a young teenage girl takes to earn the respect that she rightfully deserves. Katys story is like many stories of women over the years. The fight to be seen as an equal and not as a servent. As we all may know in the United States men had the right to vote long before women did. Women fought for the chance to vote for years. Some, like Susan B. Anthony, were put in jail or shunned for fighting for this right. It took tell World War I for women to recieve this right, but with a couple restrictions.Susan B. Anthony was born February 15, 1820 in Adams, Massachusetts. She was brought up in a Quaker family with long activist traditions. Early in her life she developed a sense of justice. After teaching for fifteen years, she became active in temperance. Because she was a woman, she was not allowed to speak at temperance meetings. This experience led her to join the women's rights movement in 1852. Soon after, she dedicated her life to woman suffrage. Ignoring the cruel works and abuse, Anthony traveled and lectured across the nation for the vote.She also campaigned for the abolition of slavery, the right for women to own their own property and keep their earnings, and she advocated for women's labor organizations. In 1900, Anthony persuaded the University of Rochester to admit women. Anthony, who never married, was aggressive and compassionate by nature. She had a strong mind and a great ability to fight for what she believed in. She remained active until her death on March 13, 1906. In the movie, Flicka, the McLaughlin family fights to keep their beloved ranch.With the trouble to pay the bills, big time bankers have come to the ranch hoping to talk the family into selling the ranch and all the land with it. With the knowledge that selling means the destur ction of their lovely home and the land surrounding it, they fight to make all the money they can. Needing the cash, Rob McLaughlin sees the perfect chance to earn money and get his daughter away from the parasite that she calls Flicka. Rob calls up the head chairman for the local rodeo and makes the deal to sell off the beautiful mustang. When Katy finds out that her horse was sold she's heartbroken and furious.But she's not about to give up. With the hope to get her horse back Katy enters the Bucking Broncos contest in the rodeo in hope to win and use the money to buy back her horse. After realizing that it wasn't going to be as simple as she thought she takes her horse and rides her into the woods. With night coming and a serious storm, Katy and Flicka are in trouble. After finally getting onto some of their land Katy feels safe. Just as she was about to ride herself and Ficka the rest of the way home they are attacked by a mountain lion. Flicka is able to scare away the cat but sustains major injuries in the process.Once found Katy is brought home but has fallen sick. While Katy fights for her life, Flicka fights for hers. Then Rob decides that it isn't fair for an animal to suffer. Then Katy speaks the most heartbreaking line in the story saying â€Å"it's ok daddy, you can kill us†. The next morning Katys temperature has broken and Flicka is safe and healing. The two found each other at the moment of need and have beaten all the odds. This beautiful movie distributed by 20th Century Fox, shows viewers what it takes for a woman to fight for her right and what she loves.

Fedex Internal Analysis Essay

* History Founded by Frederick W. Smith, FedEx Express was established in 1973 and it has grown rapidly. Smith had the idea of creating a company that would deliver mail all over the United States over night. His idea was to fly mail from one location to another at night because the traffic is better and packages could be sorted, distributed and out of its original location faster. Delivering to over 220 countries and territories, FedEx today is a big global industry with a vast network worldwide. The company that started as a laid out in an economics class today is one of the biggest mail distribution corporations known by all customers as the company that â€Å"send shipment overnight† (FedEx,2013). * Employment Employing more than 245,000 workers, contractors, pilots and operational personnel, FedEx is a corporation proud of its employees. FedEx creates opportunities not only for their full time employees but the company also hires college students as part time employees. It not only provides the college students a flexible job but it also helps FedEx cut costs, especially because the corporation is not unionized except for their pilots that are associated with the ALPA. FedEx not only employees in the United States, but it also employees overseas and 13 percent of its current employees are international. * Organizational Structure The FedEx Corporation like many others is structure with a CEO, CFO, Market Development and Corporate Communications VP, Chief Information Officer, General Counsel and Secretary. Each subdivision of FedEx has a CEO, current David J. Bronczek is the CEO for the FedEx Express subdivision. Frederick W. Smith remains in the main position of President and CEO of the company as a whole (FexEx, 2013). * Location FedEx main headquarters is in Memphis, Tennessee and the company has also another four headquarters which are located in Ontario, Canada; Guangzhou, China; Miami, Florida; Brussels, Belgium. FedEx also has more than 46,000 drop-off locations all over the country and many other regional hubs to help short and deliver packages. * Capacity Utilizing a hub-and-spoke sorting and distribution system FedEx Express and FedEx ground have the capacity to process 15,000 to 20,000 packages daily. The technology utilized in its 29 hubs helps to speed the process and make it more effective. Operating 675 aircrafts and 75,000 motorized vehicles worldwide, FedEx has the capacity to utilize its transportations and guarantee delivery within 24 to 48 hours. * Internal Policies and Internal Culture FedEx has been known for its outstanding Human Resources programs. The company implemented a no-lay-off policy, minority recruitment efforts, and guaranteed fair treatment practice within the organization. The company’s dedication to its employees and the technology acquired to make employees job more efficient helps empower workers. FedEx has a traditional culture where the company is centralized and very well structured. The most important component of the company is the people and that’s why their philosophy is â€Å"People-Service-Profit†. Market * Market segmentation FedEx target all ages in the market, the service is offered to everyone that needs packages delivered in a short amount of time. Service is offered to all the population in the United States and other countries. Home delivery is a great option for those who are unable to go to a FedEx store. Businesses that are in need of faster document deliveries is also benefited by FedEx because the lines in the stores are normally shorter that the regular UPS stores. Value chain analysis By offering so many options and convenience to customers FedEx has been creating value to the firm’s process. The three overnight options is an example of this value being built to the organization. Customers can choose a First Overnight, Priority Overnight, and Standard Overnight, depending on their necessity. SameDay service is offered as well if packages are up to 70 pounds. FedEx has become the second-largest ground small-package carrier in North America because of its service and its quality. Company current strategy * Generic Strategy One of the things FedEx does to cut cost is hire college students as part time employees and because of the high turnover they don’t need to unionize. FedEx also differentiate from offering home service to customers. For a small fee they can come to your house to pick up the package for you. All the work customers have to do is to get the package ready. This creates convince for customers without leaving their homes. * Corporate Strategy FedEx implemented a customer service-driven strategy to ensure and outstanding customer experience. The implementation of this strategy complements the core value of the organization which is to create a positive customer experience. The strategy has three main components to it. First is putting the customer at the heart of everything they do, second is having outside organizations measure consumer, peer, and industry satisfaction and third is to deliver a positive experience to customers, employees, and communities. Company’s current financial performance * Ratio Analysis In 2012 FedEx had a total current asset of $9,056,000 and a total current liability of 5,347,000. Those numbers led FedEx to a 1.7:1 liquidity ratio (Yahoo Finance). Since 2010 according to yahoo finance we can see that FedEx has more current assets that current liabilities. Currently FedEx holds a profit margin of 4.53 percent turning it into net income and operating margin of 7.35 percent (Yahoo Finance) * Trend Analyses On the last three years according to financial statements, balance sheets and cash flow FedEx profits have been increasing. The company have been making more investments and increasing its assets as well. Industry comparison When comparing FedEx with UPS we can see that the market capital of FedEx of $31.39 billion is smaller than USP of $76.56 billion, however it is higher when compared to the industry which is 923.76 million. FedEx also has a higher number of employees compared to UPS. When comparing revenue and net income, FedEx is still behind UPD by a significant amount of money. As we can see FedEx has been growing and expanding in the market however UPS is still leading the market of group postal service (Yahoo Finance). (Yahoo Finance) Core competencies based on key resources and capabilities Based on the financial statements revised about and the history of the company FedEx does have sustainable competencies and have sustainable competitive advantage in the industry. As mentioned before FedEx core values are focused on the customers and the corporation is trying to deliver a positive experience to customers. Being the second largest ground shipment corporation in the US is alone a sustainable advantage for FedEx. Assessment of Internal Environment * Valuable FedEx is a valuable corporation that has been in the market for many years. It’s loyalty to employees creates a better work environment and helps the organization to be recognized for its values and culture. The service FedEx provides to customers is also essential to everyday life. The commodity it offers and the speediness is convenient not only for individuals but also for many businesses. * Rare The company has some rare aspects to it. The idea of having so many hubs and aircrafts makes the company unique and efficient. Offering SameDay service is a rare option that guarantees service done on time for customers. Also the different options of night shipment and guaranteed money back if package is not delivered on time are a great options and security for customers. * Difficult to imitate The business is not difficult to imitate, the difficulty is the competition and the ability to do make the business successful. It takes time to build relationship and trust with customers and in the economy we live in today it becomes very difficult for businesses to expand as fast as FedEx did. FedEx is substitutable due to the fact that there are other options in the market for customers. However the convenience and practically of its service can possibly be non-substitutable. References FedEx Corporation, 2013. FedEx history. Retrieved from http://about.van.fedex.com/fedex-opco-history FedEx Corporation, 2013. Executive biographies. Retrieved from http://investors.fedex.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=73289&p=irol-govmanage Yahoo, 2013. Key statistics. Retrieved from http://finance.yahoo.com/q/ks?s=FDX+Key+Statistics Yahoo, 2013. Competitors. Retrieved from http://finance.yahoo.com/q/co?s=FDX+Competitors Yahoo, 2013. Balance Sheet. Retrieved from http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bs?s=FDX+Balance+Sheet&annual Yahoo, 2013. Income Statement. Retrieved from http://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=FDX+Income+Statement&annual

Simulation paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Simulation paper - Essay Example Thus, our firm intentions are to promote and generate effective marketing. Through, the use of feasibility studies that allow the firm be in a position to launch it services to the large market and to the consumers. In this firm, there are it objective that it foresee to achieve in the period of simulation. Owing to the above elucidation, LINKS Services Management has its own goals that it works upon to achieve them. Here are the goals of Link Simulation: to create the best services in the market by this the firm invests its energy and time to produce better services that fit the consumer through its availability and affordability. Secondly, to be a worldwide leader in manufacturing through this the firm aims at achieving a universal trademark that makes it the best in the sector of production. This means that Link Simulation wants to develop and invest in its services that will be capable of capturing the consumers’ needs. Thirdly, it wants to content to consumer provisions hence making it a preferred firm. This attained through availing the products on time, availability in plenty due to the client demands and at a fair price (Bill Hefley, 2008). Besides they aim at developing a truly relation that relies on the trust in times of the transaction. Fourthly, to provide a consistent, suitability, productivity and value for money services to the consumers and the large market. This enables the firm to have much grip on the market source since they are able to deliver regarding to the customer demands. Finally, the firm objective is to offer a high-value products and services. The production of a high notch product and services enables a company is accepted in the market quickly. Link Simulation hires qualified personnel has to ensure a number one product delivered in the market. With all this achievable goals, Links Simulation work upon attaining them evenly in the worldwide business market. In

Rail Track Design for Line Speed Improvement Research Paper

Rail Track Design for Line Speed Improvement - Research Paper Example The design issue under consideration includes route surveying, track component identification, designing the rail curve and other design aspects that help in improving rail transport. Suggestion indicated can be implemented by any train organization seeking to improve or optimize their services (Mundrey, 1993). Rail tracks are used for the guidance of trains and consist of two steel rails laid in parallel. The rails guide the train in motion without the need for steering. The rails are laid on sleepers. The sleeper is also referred to as the cross ties. The sleepers are embedded in the ballast and form the railroad track. The rails are fastened to the sleeper by the use of spikes, lag screws, bolts clips, and patrol clips. The type of fastening sleepers depends on the type of sleepers. For the concrete sleepers clips are used, for the wooden sleepers' spikes are used and for steel sleepers, bolts are commonly used. Conventional rail design involved route surveying and finding the most economical route for the rail line. The engineer worked on ways of designing the rail so as to surpass the geographical obstacles (Engineering Policy Group (EPG). 2009). Currently, the rail design encompasses many design aspects. This design aspect results from the need for greater speeds and heavy loads. Due to these factors, the most important consideration for the rail design are: Route surveying. This involves planning the rail routes so that it passes through the most economical route (Hickerson, 1967). Long term traffic levels; if the projection shows that in the long run, the traffic will increase. Design consideration for expansion of the rail as well as incorporating trains with high speed and heavy should be taken into consideration. Environmental concern: the design should focus on an environmental friendly rail that does not damage the environment. Politics: Government influences and funding greatly affect the quality of the rail and also its long term benefits. Land issues; when designing for increased speed, huge curves are required; the constraining factor to this is the limitation of land. Economic factors: this determines the type of rail constructed. Well funded projects can archive most of the design requirements. Â  

Russia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Russia - Term Paper Example The negative effects of World War 1 were responsible for sparking Russian Revolution in 1917 since the government was experiencing a shortage in food reserves, ammunition, factories and low morale among the soldiers. Corrupt Czarist government and massive treason among the top military ranks created a crisis that paralyzed the normal national life. The peasants and workers in factories experienced poverty and denounced the war and killed the rich peasants in order to seize control of productive agricultural land (Wade 5). Russia was predominantly an agricultural economy and the clergy, nobility and royal families owned much of the agricultural land and controlled much of the agricultural production. The Czarist government did little to improve the economic system and a majority of the peasants in the villages suffered from diseases and extreme poverty. The economic system had created an imbalance in the social structure thus hindering education, public health and medical relief thus occasioning discontent among the masses that were addicted to vodka due to misery and poverty (Wade 6). Workers strikes were considered as the only option to the ruthless and repressive Czarist government in dealing with protesting workers and Russian soldiers fired at the protestors. Subsequently, the heavy losses suffered during the World War 1 undermine the strength and morale of Russian soldiers and many of them deserted their battle fronts to join the factory workers and peasants in the ongoing revolution (Wade 7). Other attributable causes of the Revolution include the increase in politicized urban workforce especially ironworks and factories that associated themselves with industrial society. Although Czarist government had tried to entrench socialist trade unions, such unions were remained neutral during workers protests. The expanding population in Russian cities caused social problems like poor housing, bad wages and disregard for employment rights. The censuring of books, newspapers and unwarranted police swoops on dissenting citizens created mass discontent among the middle class and ultimately led to the demand of freedom of expression (D’Agostino 27). Why Bolsheviks prevailed in Civil War and control of Russia By the end of February 1917, two organisations that include Provisional Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Provisional Committee of the Duma had emerged. The first one represented the social revolutionaries, factory workers, Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. The Czarist ministers were held under house arrest, and Czar Nicholas II abdicated on at the beginning of March. A provisional coalition government was entrenched and was soon recognized by the allied powers as the legitimate successor of Czarist government (D’Agostino 28). However, a civil war broke in June 1918 with the Whites including the liberals, monarchists and socialists rebelling against the Reds who included the Bolshevik regime. Bolshevik regime was worried that Whites would eventually free Czar and the royal family members thus ultimately leading to restoration of the previous monarchy. However, Czar and his immediate family members were shot dead in July 1918 thus demoralising the efforts of the Whites. Bolsheviks considered themselves as revolutionary working class that was determined at addressing the needs of the peasants and